基于移动观测的城市机动车氨排放特征研究

杨荟楠; 马东翔; 丁祥; 刘文洋; 楼晟荣; 黄成

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.05.01

基于移动观测的城市机动车氨排放特征研究

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.05.01

杨荟楠^1,,
马东翔^{1, 2},
丁祥²,
刘文洋^{1, 2},
楼晟荣²,
黄成^2, ,

1.
上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院，上海　200093
2.
上海市环境科学研究院，国家环境保护城市大气复合污染成因与防治重点实验室，上海　200233

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(No.2022YFC3703600)；上海市科学技术委员会项目(No.20DZ1204002)；国家自然科学青年基金项目(No.42205125)

详细信息

作者简介:
杨荟楠（1983-），女，上海人，教授，博士，主要从事气液两相多参数同步测量方法研究及应用研究，yanghuinan@usst.edu.cn

通讯作者:
黄成(1980-)，男，上海人，高级工程师，博士，主要从事大气污染及防控技术研究，huangc@saes.sh.cn

中图分类号: X5
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-30
- 修回日期: 2023-04-30

Characterization of Ammonia Emissions from Urban Motor Vehicles Using Mobile Measurements

1.
School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
2.
National Key Laboratory of Causes and Prevention of Urban Atmospheric Complex Pollution for Environmental Protection, Shanghai Institute of Environmental Science, Shanghai 200233, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2022YFC3703600); Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, China (No.20DZ1204002); National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42205125)

摘要

摘要: 氨(NH₃)在城市细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的形成中起重要作用，机动车是其重要来源之一. 本文利用移动式走航测量方法，在上海市开展了为期8 d的实际道路NH₃排放移动走航观测，获得了道路机动车NH₃排放及分布特征. 结果表明：①去除污染物背景数据后，实际道路机动车的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂(NH₃与CO₂排放量之比，下同)为0.44×10⁻³，不同类型交通区存在显著差异，港区道路与中心城区道路机动车的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂均较高，而高速公路相对较低. ②交通条件对实际道路机动车的NH₃排放量具有重要影响，道路拥堵状态下机动车低速行进时的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂是道路通畅时高速行进状态下的2~3倍. ③第四届中国国际进口博览会(2021年11月5—10日)期间，在重点拥堵路段实施的交通管制措施对削减机动车NH₃排放具有积极作用. 研究显示，交通条件是城市机动车NH₃排放的重要影响因素之一.
- 机动车 /
- 移动走航观测 /
- 排放特征
Abstract: Ammonia (NH₃) plays an important role in the formation of urban fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and motor vehicles are one of the important sources of NH₃. In this study, an 8 d mobile observation of actual road NH₃ emissions was conducted in Shanghai using mobile walk-around measurements to obtain NH₃ emissions and distribution characteristics of motor vehicles. The results show that: (1) The ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ (ratio of NH₃ to CO₂ emissions) for actual road motor vehicles (with air background concentrations removed) was 0.44×10⁻³, with significant differences between traffic types, with higher ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ for motor vehicles on port roads and central city roads, and lower for motorways. (2) Traffic conditions have a significant impact on actual road NH₃ emissions, with ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ being two to three times higher at low speeds than at high speeds when the road is congested. (3) During the 4^th China International Import Expo (CIIE, November 5^th-10^th, 2021), traffic control measures implemented on key congested road sections had a positive effect on reducing NH₃ emissions from motor vehicles. This study shows that traffic conditions are one of the important influencing factors of NH₃ emissions from urban motor vehicles.
- motor vehicles /
- mobile observation /
- emission characteristics

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图 1 移动走航观测平台示意

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the mobile observation platform

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图 2 上海市移动走航观测路线示意

注：A框内为区域A，B框内为区域B，红色虚线框内为中环区域. 下同.

Figure 2. Route map of mobile measurements in Shanghai

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图 3 上海市NH₃体积分数空间分布以及各区域与超级站点NH₃体积分数的对比

Figure 3. Distribution of NH₃ volumetric fraction values in Shanghai and comparison of NH₃ volumetric fraction values by region and super site

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图 4 上海市移动走航观测的NH₃体积分数小时分布以及对应的风速风向情况

Figure 4. Hourly distribution of NH₃ volume fraction and wind speed and direction during mobile walk-around observations in Shanghai

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图 5 上海市机动车移动走航观测的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂空间分布及其频率分布情况

注：图b中灰色和深绿色实线分别表示移动走航观测的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂中值和平均值，蓝色、橙色及红色虚线分别表示区域A、中环区域及区域B的ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂平均值.

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ emission ratio and frequency distribution of ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ data values for motor vehicles in Shanghai

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图 6 上海市不同区域ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂与车速的关系

Figure 6. Relationship between ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ and vehicle speed in different regions of Shanghai

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图 7 第四届中国国际进口博览会管控期间与非会议管控期间各区域ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂的差异

注：会议(第四届中国国际进口博览会)管控期间包括11月4日、8日；非会议管控期间包括1月28—29日、10月27日、11月9—10日及11月20日.

Figure 7. Comparison of ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ emission ratio during the control period of CIIE and non-conference control period

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表 1 仪器型号及参数

Table 1. Instrument model and parameters

待分析物质	仪器型号(公司，国家)	测量组分	测量范围	检测下限	响应时间/s
NH₃	Picarro G2103(Santa Clara，美国)	NH₃、H₂O	0~500×10⁻⁹	0.09×10⁻⁹	1
CO₂	Picarro G2401(Santa Clara，美国)	CO₂、CO、CH₄、H₂O	0~1000×10⁻⁶	50×10⁻⁶	1
NO_x	ECO physics CLD-800(ECO physics，瑞士)	NO、NO₂、NO_x	0~10000×10⁻⁹	1×10⁻⁹	5

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表 2 移动走航观测时段及道路条件

Table 2. Durations and road conditions of each mobile measurement in this study

路线	走航日期	走航时段	区域	里程/km	平均车速/(km/h)	温度/℃	相对湿度/%	风速/(m/s)	风向/(°)
路线1	2021-01-28	16:27—19:02	区域A、中环区域	76.1	29.5	10.1	48.2	4.7	149
路线2	2021-01-29	13:23—19:16	区域A、中环区域	193.8	32.9	7.1	32.5	3.1	173
路线3	2021-10-27	10:45—17:52	中环区域	156.8	21.6	21.2	50.3	1.9	83
路线4	2021-11-04	13:00—18:07	中环区域	52.2	20.2	19.7	70.4	2.9	113
路线5	2021-11-08	11:41—23:59	区域B、中环区域	93.1	18.2	7.8	43.5	4.1	292
路线6	2021-11-09	10:05—18:00	区域B、中环区域	120.7	19.2	12.0	34.6	4.1	263
路线7	2021-11-10	10:00—16:37	中环区域	109.8	23.1	15.2	32.7	5.6	280
路线8	2021-11-20	12:00—23:59	区域A、中环区域	88.6	17.0	18.2	62.4	2.6	100

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表 3 该研究与已有研究中所测ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂的对比

Table 3. Values of ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂ from previous studies

年份	测量方法	测量手段	(ΔNH₃/ΔCO₂)/10⁻³	数据来源
2006	遥感	道路测量	0.42±0.01	文献[28]
2010	遥感	坡道测量	0.41±0.02	文献[29]
2010	遥感	道路测量	0.49±0.02	文献[29]
2017	TDL (tunable diode laser)	道路测量	0.40±0.06	文献[30]
2015	遥感	坡道测量	0.37±0.02	文献[31]
2006	TDL	道路测量	0.12±0.07	文献[32]
2001	遥感	隧道测量	0.35±0.03	文献[33]
2009	IC (ion chromatography)	隧道测量	0.40±0.02	文献[34]
2013	化学荧光	隧道测量	3.40±0.20	文献[35]
2016	吸收硫酸	隧道测量	0.42±0.07	文献[36]
2014	FTIR (fourier transform infrared)	底盘测功机	0.31±0.33	文献[24]
2018	TDL	底盘测功机	0.41±0.34	文献[22]
2021	CRDS (cavity ring-down spectroscopy)	道路测量(区域A)	0.62±2.40	该研究
		道路测量(中环区域)	0.31±0.61
		道路测量(区域B)	0.06±0.06
		道路测量(平均值)	0.44±0.34
		道路测量(中值)	0.18±0.40

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