Plastistone: Diagenesis, Global Distribution, and Microplastic Generation Characteristics
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摘要: 塑料污染是受到全球广泛关注的环境问题，对人体健康与生态系统造成潜在威胁. 已有证据表明，塑料能够与自然界的岩石发生稳定结合，成为人类活动作为一种新的地质营力影响地球地质周期的直接证据. 在这些发现的基础上，本文提出并定义了一种新的沉积岩类型——塑岩. 塑岩是塑料与碎屑物质胶结形成的沉积岩；在塑岩中，肉眼可见的塑料与沉积岩原始物质成分在地壳表层的条件下，经熔化-凝固、蒸发、吸附等物理、化学过程，发生了不可逆的结合. 在前期发现的基础上，针对2022年7月在广西壮族自治区河池市采集得到的陆地生态系统塑岩样品，进一步研究其在干湿循环情形下微塑料的释放与粒径分布特征. 研究表明，在干湿循环老化情形下，从塑岩中释放得到的微塑料的粒径分布可以被条件概率老化模型刻画. 从塑岩中剥离的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和聚丙烯(PP)塑料的破碎维数总体在1.5~2.5之间浮动，呈现出二维破碎的特征；LDPE的破碎过程存在先加剧后减缓的过程，但PP的破碎维数恒定在2附近，预示塑岩结合的PP塑料具有长期释放微塑料的能力. 除此之外，在塑岩释放的微塑料中，超过60%为具有较高迁移性的圆球状微塑料，其平均粒径显著低于其他形状，具有较高的迁移性，预示着潜在的生态风险. 需要指出的是，目前针对塑岩的相关报道对其胶结成岩过程以及在自然界中的长期环境行为仍不甚明确，后续研究需要对其在自然环境中的成岩过程、赋存规律与长期归趋开展进一步研究与观测.Abstract: Plastic pollution is an environmental problem of global concern, posing potential risks to human health and ecosystems. Mounting evidence suggests that plastic debris can irreversibly adhere to the host rock, providing direct evidence of how human activities are altering Earth's geological record. Based on these findings, this study defines a new type of sedimentary rock called plastistone. Plastistone is a sedimentary rock formed of visible plastic and clasts derived from pre-existing rock that were cemented together. In a plastistone, visible synthetic plastic polymers were irreversibly stuck onto or incorporated within the mineral matrix due to various physical and chemical processes such as melting-freezing, evaporation, and adsorption. This study aimed to examine the generation and size distribution of microplastics derived from plastistones collected in the terrestrial ecosystem during a field survey conducted in Hechi City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, in July 2022. It was discovered that microplastics generated from plastistones during artificial wet-dry cycling followed a conditional fragmentation pattern. The fragmentation dimension modeling results showed a pseudo-2D fragmentation pattern for plastistones, with values falling within 1.5-2.5. The fragmentation dimension values for PP plastistones remained steady, while those for LDPE first increased and then decreased. Furthermore, more than 60% of the identified microplastics were spherical in shape and had smaller diameters compared to other polymer types. This emphasizes the potential ecological risks associated with these highly mobile microplastic particles. Additionally, it is important to note that the lithification process and long-term environmental behavior of plastistones remain unclear at present. Therefore, future research should focus on investigating these aspects in greater detail.
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Key words:
- sedimentary rock /
- plastistone /
- geology /
- size distribution /
- microplastic
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图 1 塑岩与地球关键带圈层的相互作用关系
Figure 1. Interaction of plastistone with spheres in the Earth′s Critical Zone
图 3 塑岩与新塑料膜释放的微塑料粒径分布特征
Figure 3. Size distribution characteristics of microplastics generated from plastistone and fresh plastic films
图 6 塑岩与新塑料膜的破碎维数
Figure 6. Fragmentation dimension of plastistone and fresh plastic films
表 1 全球塑岩分布与成因
Table 1. Global presence of plastistones and mechanisms for their formation
分布地区 与塑岩结合的塑料类型 塑料潜在来源 塑岩成因 数据来源 巴西南里奥格兰德海滩 海洋垃圾冲刷 文献[8] 美国夏威夷海滩 海洋垃圾冲刷 篝火燃烧 文献[11] 秘鲁利马海滩 HDPE、PP 城市生活垃圾 垃圾燃烧 文献[12] 中国广西壮族自治区 LDPE、PP 农膜与塑料袋使用 化学成键 文献[14] 西班牙加纳利群岛海滩 PP、PE 海洋垃圾冲刷 混有塑料的石油粘附在礁石后部分蒸发 文献[16] 巴西特林达迪岛海滩 PE 海洋垃圾冲刷 篝火燃烧 文献[17] 孟加拉国考克斯巴扎尔海滩 HDPE、LDPE、PP、PET 城市生活垃圾 垃圾燃烧 文献[21] 意大利吉廖岛海滩 PE 海洋垃圾冲刷 海浪拍打后物理结合 文献[22] 葡萄牙马德拉岛海滩 HDPE、PP 海洋垃圾冲刷 海浪拍打后物理结合 文献[23] 日本山口市海滩 PE、PP 城市生活垃圾 篝火燃烧 文献[24] 印度安达曼群岛海滩 PE、PVC 海洋垃圾冲刷 篝火燃烧 文献[25] 英国惠特桑德湾海滩 海洋垃圾冲刷 篝火燃烧 文献[26] 
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表 2 微塑料粒径分布条件概率老化模型拟合结果
Table 2. Conditional probability-controlled aging modeling of microplastics
塑料类型 老化次数 范围参数λ/μm−α 破碎参数α R2 新LDPE膜 1 0.052±0.011 0.96±0.06 0.98 新LDPE膜 5 0.040±0.009 1.13±0.08 0.98 新LDPE膜 10 0.064±0.021 0.89±0.10 0.94 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 1 0.067±0.019 0.93±0.09 0.96 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 5 0.051±0.009 1.08±0.06 0.99 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 10 0.044±0.016 1.15±0.13 0.96 新PP膜 1 0.064±0.014 0.91±0.07 0.98 新PP膜 5 0.050±0.018 1.12±0.13 0.95 新PP膜 10 0.044±0.018 1.19±0.15 0.95 塑岩结合的PP塑料 1 0.032±0.008 1.14±0.08 0.98 塑岩结合的PP塑料 5 0.055±0.017 1.06±0.11 0.96 塑岩结合的PP塑料 10 0.017±0.005 1.51±0.10 0.99
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表 3 微塑料破碎维数拟合结果
Table 3. Fragmentation dimension modeling of microplastics
塑料类型 老化次数 破碎维数D P值 R2 新LDPE膜 1 1.77±0.14 <0.001 0.95 新LDPE膜 5 2.08±0.27 <0.001 0.88 新LDPE膜 10 1.67±0.28 <0.001 0.82 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 1 2.05±0.18 <0.001 0.93 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 5 2.52±0.27 <0.001 0.90 塑岩结合的LDPE塑料 10 1.71±0.18 <0.001 0.94 新PP膜 1 1.73±0.14 <0.001 0.95 新PP膜 5 2.08±0.21 <0.001 0.92 新PP膜 10 1.51±0.36 <0.001 0.81 塑岩结合的PP塑料 1 2.06±0.24 <0.001 0.89 塑岩结合的PP塑料 5 1.94±0.19 <0.001 0.92 塑岩结合的PP塑料 10 2.06±0.28 0.002 0.93
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