基于无人机观测的塔克拉玛干沙漠反应性气体特征及来源分析

赵竹君; 何清; 陆忠奇; 范旭雨晨; 毕道金; 马明杰; 孟露; 姜红

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.07.25

基于无人机观测的塔克拉玛干沙漠反应性气体特征及来源分析

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.07.25

赵竹君^{1, 2,},
何清^1, ,,
陆忠奇^{1, 3},
范旭雨晨^{1, 4},
毕道金^{1, 5},
马明杰¹,
孟露^{1, 5},
姜红⁶

1.
中国气象局乌鲁木齐沙漠气象研究所，新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠气象国家野外科学观测研究站/中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地/新疆维吾尔自治区沙漠气象与沙尘暴重点实验室，新疆乌鲁木齐　830002
2.
石河子气象局，新疆石河子　832000
3.
昌吉学院化学与化工学院，新疆昌吉　831100
4.
新疆大学生态与环境学院，新疆乌鲁木齐　830017
5.
新疆大学地理与遥感科学学院，新疆乌鲁木齐　830017
6.
新疆维吾尔自治区气象台，新疆乌鲁木齐　830002

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(No.42030612, 41830968)

详细信息

作者简介:
赵竹君(1995-)，女，河北涿州人，putaojing1995@163.com

通讯作者:
何清(1965-)，男，四川成都人，研究员，博士，主要从事沙漠气象、大气污染物演变等研究，qinghe@idm.cn

中图分类号: X513
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- 文章访问数: 133
- HTML全文浏览量: 34
- PDF下载量: 106
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-26
- 修回日期: 2023-07-03
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-26

Characterization of Reactive Gas and Source Analysis in Taklimakan Desert Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Observation

ZHAO Zhujun^{1, 2
,},
HE Qing^{1
, ,},
LU Zhongqi^{1, 3},
FAN Xuyuchen^{1, 4},
BI Daojin^{1, 5},
MA Mingjie¹,
MENG Lu^{1, 5},
JIANG Hong⁶

1.
National Observation and Research Station of Taklimakan Desert Meteorology/Taklimakan Desert Meteorology Field Experiment Station of China Meteorological Administration/Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Meteorology and Sandstorm, Institute of Desert Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Urumqi 830002, China
2.
Shihezi Meteorological Bureau of Xinjiang, Shihezi 832000, China
3.
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Changji University, Changji 831100, China
4.
College of Ecology & Environment, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
5.
College of Geography and Remote Sensing Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
6.
Xinjiang Meteorological Observatory, Urumqi 830002, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.42030612, 41830968)

摘要

摘要: 为研究沙漠地区大气环境和反应性气体变化机理，利用无人机观测平台于春季(2022年5月8—30日)和夏季(2021年7月19—31日)对塔克拉玛干沙漠中心(塔中站)和南缘(民丰站)的反应性气体体积分数、气温、相对湿度和风速进行垂直观测，对比沙漠腹地和边缘的反应性气体垂直变化，结合HYSPLIT模式究其来源. 结果表明：①民丰站CO体积分数整体略高于塔中站，春季CO体积分数明显高于夏季，并且可能存在较强的SO₂和NO₂污染现象. CO平均体积分数呈民丰站春季(524.68×10⁻⁹)>民丰站夏季(468.95×10⁻⁹)>塔中站春季(313.42×10⁻⁹)>塔中站夏季(133.64×10⁻⁹)的特征；SO₂体积分数夏季高于春季，呈民丰站夏季(105.22×10⁻⁹)>民丰站春季(69.21×10⁻⁹)>塔中站夏季(65.38×10⁻⁹)>塔中站春季(49.98×10⁻⁹)的特征；塔中站NO₂体积分数整体高于民丰站，呈塔中站春季(158.95×10⁻⁹)>塔中站夏季(155.10×10⁻⁹)>民丰站春季(131.58×10⁻⁹)>民丰站夏季(127.23×10⁻⁹)的特征，并与O₃体积分数显著相关；夏季O₃体积分数明显高于春季，呈塔中站夏季(51.22×10⁻⁹)>民丰站夏季(24.23×10⁻⁹)>塔中站春季(11.90×10⁻⁹)>民丰站春季(11.67×10⁻⁹)的特征. ②塔中站和民丰站两地反应性气体垂直廓线变化特征显著，CO体积分数随着高度的升高而增加，且受风速变化影响；SO₂体积分数多呈波动性变化特征；NO₂体积分数白天高于夜间，垂直方向上的变化存在波动，近地面NO₂出现累积；O₃体积分数垂直廓线呈明显的昼夜特征. ③春季塔中站反应性气体大部分可能由“东灌”气流远距离输送而来；夏季塔中站反应性气体体积分数主要受盆地北缘绿洲带人为活动影响. 春季民丰站的反应性气体多来自盆地边缘的人为活动集中区，反应性气体体积分数较大，夏季气流均起源于沙漠内部，因此这可能是导致春夏季反应性气体体积分数差异的原因. 研究显示，春季、夏季塔中站和民丰站的反应性气体体积分数水平存在明显差异，人为活动较为集中的区域贡献了较高的反应性气体体积分数.
- NO₂ /
- SO₂ /
- O₃ /
- CO /
- HYSPLIT模式 /
- 聚类分析
Abstract: The vertical structures of reactive gas concentrations, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were observed in the center (Tazhong station) and southern edge (Minfeng station) of the Taklamakan Desert during 21^st-31^st July 2021 and 8^th-29^th May 2022 using an unmanned airplane observation platform to compare the vertical variations of reactive gases in the hinterland and southern edge, and the source was further investigated in combination with the HYSPLIT model. The results show that: (1) The overall CO concentration at Minfeng station is slightly higher than that at Tazhong station, the CO concentration in spring is significantly higher than that in summer, and there may be high concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂. The average CO concentration was as follows: Minfeng station spring (524.68×10⁻⁹ ) >Minfeng station summer (468.95×10⁻⁹) >Tazhong station spring (313.42×10⁻⁹) >Tazhong station summer (133.64×10⁻⁹). The SO₂ concentration in summer was higher than that in spring with the characteristics of Minfeng station summer (105.22×10⁻⁹) >Minfeng station spring (69.21×10⁻⁹) >Tazhong station summer (65.38×10⁻⁹) >Tazhong station spring (49.98×10⁻⁹). The overall NO₂ concentration at Tazhong station were higher than that at Minfeng station with spring at Tazhong station (158.95×10⁻⁹) >summer at Tazhong station (155.10×10⁻⁹) >spring at Minfeng station (131.58×10⁻⁹) >summer at Minfeng station (127.23×10⁻⁹), which correlated with the change of O₃ concentration. The O₃ concentration in summer was significantly higher than that in spring, showing the characteristics of summer at Tazhong station (51.22×10⁻⁹) >summer at Minfeng station (24.23×10⁻⁹) >spring at Tazhong station (11.90×10⁻⁹) >spring at Minfeng station (11.67×10⁻⁹). (2) The vertical profile of reactive gases at Tazhong station and Minfeng station changed significantly, and CO concentration increased with height and was affected by change of wind speed. SO₂ concentration was mostly characterized by fluctuating changes. NO₂ concentration was higher during the day than at night, and the concentration of NO₂ near the ground was higher. O₃ concentration showed obvious diurnal change in the vertical profile. (3) Most of the reactive gases in the spring are likely to be transported over long distances by the ‘Eastern Irrigation’ airflows. The reactive gas concentration at Tazhong station in summer was mainly affected by human activities in the oasis zone on the northern edge of the basin. The spring airflow at Minfeng station came from the county area on the southern edge of the basin, where human activities were relatively concentrated and contributed a larger concentration of reactive gases. The summer airflows at Minfeng station all originated from the interior of the desert, which may lead to differences in reactive gas concentrations in spring and summer. The study shows that there are significant differences in reactive gas concentrations at Tazhong station and Minfeng station in spring and summer, and the areas with high human activities contribute to high reactive gas concentrations.
- nitrogen dioxide /
- sulfur dioxide /
- ozone /
- carbon monoxide /
- HYSPLIT model /
- cluster analysis

HTML全文

图 1 塔中站和民丰站春夏季CO、SO₂、NO₂、O₃体积分数的时间变化序列

注：2022年5月10日、23日、25日部分时刻缺测.

Figure 1. Time series of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ concentrations in spring and summer at Tazhong station and Minfeng station

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 塔中站反应性气体体积分数1 000 m垂直廓线

Figure 2. Vertical profiles of reactive gas concentrations from surface to1000 m height at Tazhong station

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 民丰站反应性气体体积分数1 000 m垂直廓线

Figure 3. Vertical profiles of reactive gas concentration from surface to 1000 m height at Minfeng station

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 无人机一般参数

Table 1. General parameters of the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

参数	无人机型号
参数	UAV4000型	UAV6000型
最大飞行高度/m	5 000	1 000
最大上升速度/(m/s)	6	5
最大下升速度/(m/s)	5	8
最大起飞质量/kg	9	15
空质量/kg	3.6	10

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 B4系列电化学气体传感器规格参数

Table 2. B4 series electrochemical gas sensor specifications

项目	CO传感器	NO₂传感器	SO₂传感器	O₃传感器
工作范围/10⁻⁶	0~50	0~20	0~20	<2
灵敏度/(nA/10⁻⁶)	500~750	−350~−60	350~550	−600~−10
分辨率/10⁻⁹	<10	<5	<3	<3
反应时间/s	<25	<35	<50	<30
零点电流/10⁻⁹	−400~0	−60~100	0~200	−75~0
寿命/月	>24	>24	>24	>24
温度范围/℃	−30~50	30~50	−30~50	−30~50
压力范围/kPa	80~120	80~120	80~120	80~120
相对湿度范围/%	15~90	15~90	15~90	15~90
推荐负载/Ω	33~100	33~100	33~100	33~100

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 塔中站不同时刻CO、SO₂、NO₂、O₃体积分数范围

Table 3. Concentration ranges of CO, SO₂, NO₂, O₃ concentrations at different time at Tazhong station

时刻	体积分数/10⁻⁹
时刻	CO	SO₂	NO₂	O₃
01:00	445~601	3~57	154~479	1~13
07:00	294~516	1~43	137~500	3~20
13:00	229~606	23~46	204~564	3~11
19:00	350~661	13~26	165~562	3~27
23:00	325~560	10~46	163~468	2~16

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 民丰站不同时刻CO、SO₂、NO₂和O₃体积分数范围

Table 4. Concentration ranges of CO, SO₂, NO₂ and O₃ at different time at Minfeng station

时刻	体积分数/10⁻⁹
时刻	CO	SO₂	NO₂	O₃
07:00	641~786	4~67	109~220	10~30
10:00	499~731	14~62	112~243	4~19
13:00	487~791	6~26	175~308	3~14
16:00	526~690	11~41	169~323	4~17
19:00	540~749	10~27	186~320	3~12
22:00	516~783	5~76	132~277	1~15

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 春季和夏季塔中站和民丰站48 h后向轨迹聚类及高度

Table 5. Clustering and heights of 48 h backward trajectories in spring and summer at Tazhong station and Minfeng station

气象观测站	季节	轨迹	占比/%	起源高度/m	途经区域
塔中站	春季	1	31.81	1 000	吐鲁番市、托克逊县、焉耆县、库尔勒市、塔克拉玛干沙漠东部
		2	22.24	1 200	轮台县、肖塘镇、塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		3	20.35	0	阿克苏市、库车市、沙雅县、塔克拉玛干沙漠西部
		4	25.60	1 400	塔城地区、古尔班通古特沙漠、乌鲁木齐市、吐鲁番市、托克逊县、焉耆县、库尔勒市、塔克拉玛干沙漠东部
	夏季	1	18.24	1 700	库车市、轮台县、塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		2	47.50	1 300	库车市、轮台县、塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		3	20.88	1 200	库车市、轮台县、塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		4	13.38	2 300	库车市、轮台县、塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
民丰站	春季	1	16.31	700	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部、和田市、于田县
		2	22.64	0	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部、和田市、于田县、喀什市
		3	28.70	300	且末县、塔克拉玛干沙漠东部
		4	32.35	1 600	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
	夏季	1	48.09	1 000	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部偏东
		2	10.85	800	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		3	25.95	600	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部
		4	15.11	800	塔克拉玛干沙漠中部偏西

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