Assessment of the Effect of Urban Green Space Landscape on Reduction of Storm Water Runoff in Xiamen City
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摘要: 城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用，能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量，缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区，在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下，系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中，雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS（Soil Conservation Service）模型进行评估，价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明：2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262.28 mm，削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385.40×104 m3，减排服务价值为2.75×108元；2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335.77 mm，削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634.37×104 m3，减排服务价值为5.49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子，在其共同驱动下，2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示，SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势，能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量，进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价，3种城市绿地类型（乔木、灌木和草本）单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异，受绿地面积支配，厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.Abstract: Research on the effect of urban green space landscape on the reduction of stormwater runoff is urgently needed for the construction of spongy city and the estimation of ecosystem services. Based on the multi-source data including daily rainfall, types of land use, soil, urban green space landscape, and the built-up area of Xiamen City, the effect of urban green space landscape on the reduction of stormwater runoff was evaluated for 2010 and 2015. First, by using a hydrological model SCS (Soil Conservation Service), the stormwater runoff of different types of land use was estimated for each rainfall event. Second, the annual reduction of the amount of runoff caused by the urban green space landscape was estimated, which was defined as the sum of the runoff differences between urban green space landscape and other land use types during each rainfall event. Finally, the ecological service values were calculated by the product of reservoir construction cost per unit volume of water and the total amount of runoff reduced by the green space landscape. In 2010, the depth of the stormwater runoff reduced was 262.28 mm per unit area of the urban green space landscape. The total amount of stormwater runoff reduction was 4385.40×104 m3, and the ecological service values produced was 2.75×108 RMB. In 2015, the depth of the stormwater runoff reduced was 335.77 mm per unit area of the urban green space landscape. The total amount of stormwater runoff reduction was 7634.37×104 m3, and the ecological service values produced were 5.49×108 RMB. The method proposed in this paper makes it possible for us to evaluate the reduction effect of urban green space landscape on stormwater runoff at both land use and district scale. The results show that the reduction effect of urban green space landscape on stormwater runoff is dominated by the area of green space landscape and the amount of annual rainfall as well as its seasonal distribution. Consequently, the ecological values of urban green space landscape have increased significantly from 2010 to 2015.
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Key words:
- urban green space landscape /
- urban storm water runoff /
- ecological service /
- spongy city /
- Xiamen City
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图 1 2010年和2015年厦门市土地利用类型
Figure 1. Distribution of land use types in 2010 and 2015 in Xiamen City
图 3 2010年和2015年厦门市城市建成区范围内绿地生态系统空间分布
Figure 3. Distribution of different green space landscape over built-up area in 2010 and 2015
图 5 2010年和2015年厦门市城市建成区雨洪径流深空间分布
Figure 5. Distribution of storm water runoff depth over built-up area in 2010 and 2015
表 1 城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价所需数据
Table 1. List of data used in evaluating the effect of urban green space landscape on the reduction of storm water runoff
数据名称 数据类型 数据介绍 数据用途 数据来源 日降雨数据 表格 2010年22个站点；2015年24个站点 用于提供SCS模型日降雨输入 厦门市气象局 土地利用数据 矢量 根据研究需要分为17个类型 用于SCS模型中CN值的推算 厦门市国土资源与房产管理局 土壤类型数据 矢量 根据模型需要分为4个类型 用于SCS模型中CN值的推算 中国科学院南京土壤研究所 城市绿地空间分布数据 矢量 分为草本、灌木和乔木绿地3个类型 用于不同城市绿地空间范围界定 厦门市市政园林局 城市建成区空间范围数据 矢量 分为思明、海沧、集美、湖里、同安和翔安6个区 用于城市建成区空间范围的提取 厦门市规划委员会 
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表 2 SCS模型中AMC的划分标准
Table 2. Criterions used in the classification of antecedent moisture condition (AMC) in the SCS model
AMC类型 前5 d降水量/mm 休眠季节 生产季节 AMCⅠ(干燥) < 12.7 < 35.56 AMCⅡ(平均) 12.7~27.94 35.36~53.34 AMCⅢ(湿润) >27.94 >53.34
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表 3 SCS模型土壤水文类型的划分标准
Table 3. Criterions used in the classification of soil hydrological types
土壤水文类型 土壤水文性质 最小下渗率/ (mm/h) A 厚层沙、厚层黄土、团粒化粉砂土 7.26~11.73 B 薄层黄土、砂壤土 3.81~7.26 C 黏壤土、薄层砂壤土、黏质含量高的土壤 1.27~3.81 D 吸水后显著膨胀的土壤、塑性的黏土、某些盐渍土 0~1.27
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表 4 厦门市不同土地利用类型的CN值
Table 4. Curve number of different land use types used in the SCS model
土地利用类型 土壤水文类型 A B C D AMCⅠ AMCⅡ AMCⅢ AMCⅠ AMCⅡ AMCⅢ AMCⅠ AMCⅡ AMCⅢ AMCⅠ AMCⅡ AMCⅢ 林地 17 32 52 35 55 75 51 70 87 59 77 92 草地 21 38 58 38 58 78 52 71 88 61 78 93 稀疏林 27 45 65 44 64 82 56 74 90 — — — 城市 62 79 93 74 87 97 81 92 98 86 94 98 建制镇 46 66 84 61 78 93 72 86 97 78 90 98 村庄 40 60 79 52 71 88 62 79 93 67 83 96 旱地 36 56 76 48 68 85 58 76 91 64 81 94 水浇地 39 59 78 51 70 87 61 78 93 66 82 95 水田 70 85 97 77 89 97 83 93 98 87 95 98 公路用地 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 农村道路 78 90 98 81 92 98 86 94 98 90 96 98 铁路用地 — — — 78 90 98 81 92 98 86 94 98 港口码头用地 — — — 78 90 98 83 93 98 90 96 98 管道运输用地 — — — — — — 66 82 95 72 86 97 未利用地 61 78 93 74 87 97 81 92 98 86 94 98 滩涂 70 85 97 77 89 97 83 93 98 87 95 98 水面 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 98 注: —表示目前厦门市尚无此地类.
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表 5 厦门市各辖区城市绿地雨洪减排效应
Table 5. Results of storm water runoff reduction effect caused by urban green space landscape over different districts
项目 指标 思明区 湖里区 集美区 海沧区 同安区 翔安区 绿地面积/km2 29.61 10.01 23.23 46.83 40.60 16.92 实物量均值/mm 246.35 221.35 300.67 350.07 214.15 134.32 2010年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 729.34 221.35 698.37 1 639.32 869.51 227.31 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 177.13 159.15 216.18 251.70 153.98 96.58 价值量总量/(108元) 0.52 0.16 0.50 1.18 0.63 0.16 绿地面积/km2 36.02 18.33 34.50 55.16 50.51 32.83 实物量均值/mm 284.32 327.51 457.00 348.61 325.77 263.44 2015年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 1 024.10 600.20 1 576.77 1 922.88 1 645.47 864.95 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 204.43 235.48 328.59 250.65 234.23 189.41 价值量总量/(108元) 0.74 0.43 1.13 1.38 1.18 0.62 2010—2015年变化量 价值量均值变化量/(104元/km2) 27.30 76.33 112.40 -1.05 80.25 92.84 价值量总量变化量/(108元) 0.21 0.27 0.63 0.20 0.56 0.46 价值量均值变化率/% 15.41 47.96 52.00 -0.42 52.12 96.13 价值量总量变化率/% 40.41 170.90 125.78 17.30 89.24 280.52 注：实物量是指削减的雨洪径流量，实物量总量是指削减的雨洪径流总量，实物量均值是指单位面积城市绿地削减的雨洪径流量；价值量总量是指减排服务价值总量，价值量均值是指单位面积城市绿地的减排服务价值.下同.
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表 6 厦门市不同城市绿地类型雨洪减排效应
Table 6. Results of storm water runoff reduction effect caused by different types of urban green space landscape
项目 指标 草本绿地 灌木绿地 乔木绿地 绿地面积/km2 16.72 20.02 130.46 实物量均值/mm 272.23 249.84 262.93 2010年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 455.19 500.01 3 430.21 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 195.74 179.63 189.04 价值量总量/(108元) 0.33 0.36 2.47 绿地面积/km2 24.87 20.24 182.26 实物量均值/mm 324.98 327.97 338.14 2015年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 807.86 663.53 6 162.97 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 233.66 235.81 243.13 价值量总量/(108元) 0.58 0.48 4.43 2010—2015年变化量 价值量均值变化量/(104元/km2) 37.92 56.18 54.08 价值量总量变化量/(108元) 0.25 0.12 1.96 价值量均值变化率/% 19.37 31.27 28.61 价值量总量变化率/% 77.48 32.70 79.67
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表 7 厦门市各辖区城市绿地雨洪减排效应(2015年降雨数据驱动)
Table 7. Results of storm water runoff reduction effect caused by urban green space landscape over different districts (driven by the precipitation in 2015)
项目 指标 思明区 湖里区 集美区 海沧区 同安区 翔安区 绿地面积/km2 29.61 10.01 23.23 46.83 40.60 16.92 实物量均值/mm 292.10 332.26 463.54 355.05 333.02 265.87 2010年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 864.80 332.57 1 076.66 1 662.67 1 352.11 449.93 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 210.02 238.90 333.28 255.28 239.44 191.16 价值量总量/(108元) 0.62 0.24 0.77 1.20 0.97 0.32 绿地面积/km2 36.02 18.33 34.50 55.16 50.51 32.83 实物量均值/mm 284.32 327.51 457.00 348.61 325.77 263.44 2015年 实物量总量/(104 m3) 1 024.10 600.20 1 576.77 1 922.88 1 645.47 864.95 价值量均值/(104元/km2) 204.43 235.48 328.59 250.65 234.23 189.41 价值量总量/(108元) 0.74 0.43 1.13 1.38 1.18 0.62 2010—2015年变化量 价值量均值变化量/(104元/km2) -5.60 -3.41 -4.70 -4.63 -5.21 -1.75 价值量总量变化量/(108元) 0.11 0.19 0.36 0.19 0.21 0.30 价值量均值变化率/% -2.66 -1.43 -1.41 -1.82 -2.18 -0.91 价值量总量变化率/% 18.42 80.47 46.45 15.65 21.70 92.24
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