编者按:
生态系统价值核算贯穿于生态文明制度体系建设的全过程，是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”的具体举措.厦门市开展生态系统价值核算是《国家生态文明试验区(福建)实施方案》确定的国家试点任务.中国环境科学研究院主持承担了该试点任务，并结合国家相关科技项目的实施，取得了创新性的研究成果.现将部分研究成果集中发表，以期为相关研究提供参考.
An Indicator System for Estimating Ecosystem Values
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摘要: 生态系统价值核算是开展生态系统保护成效评估的重要手段，也是支撑生态文明制度体系建设的关键技术之一.指标体系的设定是开展生态系统价值核算的重要前提和基础，但当前生态系统价值还缺少统一的核算指标，因此，在一定程度上制约了生态系统价值在生态系统管理与决策中的应用.在总结归纳当前生态系统价值相关指标体系的基础上，以服务于生态系统管理和相关绩效考核为目标，提出了包括生物生产性、人类收益性、保护成效性、实际发生性、实物度量性、数据可获性、持续更新性、非危害性在内的8项生态系统价值核算原则，筛选形成了包括7个功能类别、15个一级科目和26个二级科目的生态系统价值核算指标体系，并针对实物量达到一定数值才能形成服务的指标设定了核算基准.以厦门市为例探讨了这一指标体系的应用能力，其不仅包括了厦门市主要生态系统服务，而且体现了厦门市作为沿海旅游城市的区域特色.在此基础上，探索了开展生态系统价值统计核算的可能途径，主要包括建立生态系统价值统计核算公式，编制技术导则，开展培训、制定定期发布制度等，旨在为实现生态系统价值的业务核算及其应用提供技术支撑.Abstract: Estimating ecosystem values is a vital approach to assessing the effects of ecosystem protection, which also serves as a key technology in constructing the system of ecological civilization. It needs to build an indicator system, which is an important premise and foundation in estimating ecosystem values. However, the current ecosystem value estimation lacks the consistent estimating indicators, to some extent prohibiting the application of ecosystem values in ecosystem management and decision-making. Therefore, aiming to help ecosystem management and performance assessment, this study developed an indicator system for estimating ecosystem values based on recent advances in relevant indicators of ecosystem values and 8 principles, including biological production, human benefit, protection effect, really happening, physical measurement, data availability, continuous renewal, and non-harmfulness. The built indicator system involved 8 function types, 15 primary indicators, and 21 secondary indicators. A series of estimating benchmarks for the indicators that happened under certain conditions were also set. Furthermore, selecting Xiamen City as a case study, we examined the application ability of the built indicator system. Results showed that it not only contained Xiamen's main ecosystem services but also exhibited its regional features as a coastal tourist city. To support the administrating accounting of ecosystem values and its application, possible approaches of statistical accounting ecosystem values were further explored, including developing statistical accounting formulas, compiling technical guideline, carrying out training, making regular release system, etc.
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表 1 国内外主要生态系统价值核算指标体系对比
Table 1. Comparison of main indicator systems for estimating ecosystem values from domestic and international researches
生态系统产品 人居环境调节 污染废物处理 生态水文调节 生态系统减灾 土壤侵蚀控制 精神文化服务 支持服务 数据来源 农林牧渔产品 水资源 水电 遗传、药物、观赏资源 机械能 有益物质释放 局地气候调节 温室气体吸收 大气净化 水质净化 废弃物处理 径流调节 洪水调蓄 气象地质灾害防治 海洋灾害控制 生物灾害防治 土壤保持 防风固沙 休憩服务 科研服务 文化服务 土壤形成 养分循环 水循环 生物多样性维持 生命周期维持 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[1] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[3] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[4] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[26] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[7-8] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[9] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[10] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[12] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[13] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[18] √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 文献[14] 
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表 2 该研究构建的生态系统价值核算指标体系
Table 2. An indicator system for estimating ecosystem values developed in this study
功能类别 核算科目 核算基准 厦门市案例分析 一级科目 二级科目 是否核算 所属生态系统 生态系统产品 农林牧渔产品 农产品 — 是 陆地 林产品 — 是 陆地 牧产品 — 是 陆地 渔产品 — 是 陆地 干净水源 水资源供给 — 是 陆地 水环境质量 GB 3838—2002中Ⅲ类水体主要污染物浓度限值 是 陆地 清新空气 大气环境质量 全国74个城市主要大气污染物平均浓度 是 陆地 清洁海洋 海洋环境质量 GB 3097—1997中海洋二类水体主要污染物浓度限值 是 海洋 人居环境调节 有益物质释放 空气负离子供给 对人体有益的空气负离子最低浓度(600个/cm3) 是 陆地 挥发性油类等有益物质释放 对人体有益的最低浓度 否 局地气候调节 温度调节 国家规定的空调开放温度(26 ℃) 是 陆地 湿度调节 — 否 温室气体吸收 生态系统固碳 — 是 陆地、海洋 甲烷等温室气体吸收 — 否 生态水文调节 径流调节 径流调节 裸地条件下径流量 是 陆地 洪水调蓄 洪水调蓄 裸地条件下径流量 是 陆地 城市雨洪减排 城市雨洪减排 非城市绿地条件下径流量 是 陆地 生态系统减灾 气象地质灾害防治 干旱缓解 — 否 山洪地质灾害防治 — 否 土壤侵蚀控制 土壤保持 减少泥沙淤积 裸地条件下泥沙淤积量 是 陆地 土壤养分保持 裸地条件下土壤养分流失量 是 陆地 防风固沙 风蚀控制 裸地条件下土壤风蚀量 否 物种保育更新 物种保育更新 生境质量 — 是 陆地、海洋 珍稀等级 — 是 陆地、海洋 精神文化服务 休憩服务 旅游观光 — 是 陆地、海洋 日常休憩 — 是 陆地、海洋
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