Assessment of Ecological and Hydrological Regulation Service of Land Use in Xiamen City
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摘要: 生态系统具有重要的水文调节服务，通过对降水截留、过滤、吸收等手段，能够起到削峰补枯、缓和地表径流、增加地下径流的作用.以厦门市为研究对象，采用SWAT（soil and water assessment tool）水文模型评估了2015年厦门市生态系统水文调节服务；以土地利用为驱动变量，对2010年厦门市生态水文调节服务进行了评估，分析近年来厦门市加快城市绿化和海绵城市建设背景下土地利用变化对厦门市生态水文调节服务的影响.结果表明：2015年厦门市生态水文调节量为5.43×108 m3，时空差异较为明显.从各辖区来看，位于北部山区的同安区调节量（2.91×108 m3）最高，单位面积生态水文调节量（44.61×104 m3/km2）亦最高；建成区内的湖里区调节量和单位面积调节量均最低.从年内分布来看，5—9月生态水文调节量占全年的84.96%，生态系统有效减缓了径流输出，起到削峰的作用；10—11月，生态系统通过拦蓄降水，将其转换为土壤水和地下径流，使得该时期的实际径流大于潜在径流，起到补充枯期径流的作用.在相同气象条件下，2010年和2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力的空间分布整体一致，相比于2010年，2015年厦门市生态水文调节能力有明显提高，各辖区调节量和单位面积调节量均有所增加.研究显示，厦门市生态水文调节服务受气象条件和土地利用的共同作用，降水量越大，生态水文调节量越大，并且北部高植被覆盖区的生态水文调节能力高于南部建成区.Abstract: Ecosystem has important hydrological regulation service such as precipitation interception, filtration and absorption, which can reduce the flood peak, smooth the surface runoff and increase the subsurface runoff. In this paper, the SWAT hydrological model was adopted to evaluate the ecological and hydrological regulation service of the ecosystem in Xiamen City in 2015. Then, the land utilization situation of Xiamen City in 2010 was utilized to calculate the impacts of the city greening and sponge city construction on the ecological and hydrological regulation functions. The results show that the amount of ecological and hydrological regulation functions in Xiamen City in 2015 was 543 million m3, and there were obvious differences in the spatial and temporal distribution. For instance, the Tong'an District had the highest total volume of 291 million m3 and per unit of 44.61×104 m3/km2, while the Huli District had the lowest values. In a single year, 84.96% of the hydrological regulation occurred in the period from May to September, which effectively reduced the flood peak. From October to November, the actual runoff was higher than potential runoff because the ecosystem resulted in flood water transfer into soil and groundwater systems to replenish the runoff in dry season. Under the same meteorological condition, the overall hydrological distributions in Xiamen City in 2015 were almost the same as that of 2010, and the ecological and hydrological regulation ability for all regions were improved. The results indict that the ecological hydrological regulation ability in Xiamen City is affected by meteorological conditions and land use:the more precipitation, the higher ecological hydrological regulation ability; the north mountain area with high vegetation coverage has higher ability than that of the southern urban area.
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图 1 2010年和2015年厦门市土地利用类型重分类结果
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of land use reclassification in Xiamen City in 2010 and 2015
图 2 厦门市水系及气象站和水文站分布
Figure 2. Distribution of meteorological stations and hydrological stations in Xiamen City
图 3 五丰和造水站月径流过程实测值与模拟值比较
Figure 3. Observed and simulated monthly streamflows of Wufeng and Zaoshui stations
图 4 2015年厦门市实际径流深和潜在径流深空间分布
Figure 4. Spatial distribution of annual and potential runoff depth in Xiamen City in 2015
图 5 2015年厦门市生态水文径流调节深空间分布
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of hydrological regulation runoff depth in Xiamen City in 2015
图 6 2010年厦门市生态水文径流调节深空间分布
Figure 6. Spatial distribution of hydrological regulation runoff depth in Xiamen City in 2010
表 1 生态水文调节评估所需数据
Table 1. Data for ecological hydrological regulation assessment
数据名称 数据类型 数据精度和范围 数据来源 DEM数据 栅格 5 m×5 m 厦门市国土资源与房产管理局 土地利用数据 栅格 30 m×30 m 厦门市国土资源与房产管理局 土壤类型图 栅格 1:1000 000 HWSD(Harmonized World Soil Database)土壤数据库 气象数据 表格 d，2个站点，1985—2015年 中国气象共享网 降水数据 表格 d，24个站点，2009—2015年 《中国水利统计年鉴》 径流数据 表格 月，2个站点，2009—2015年 《中国水利统计年鉴》 
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表 2 2010年和2015年厦门市土地利用类型重分类
Table 2. Land use reclassification results of Xiamen City in 2010 and 2015
土地利用类型 面积占比/% 原分类 重分类 SWAT代码 2010年 2015年 阔叶林 森林 FRST 27.15 27.15 针叶林 针阔混交林 稀疏林 灌木林 灌木林 RNGB 0.33 0.33 草地 草地 PAST 0.17 0.26 滩涂 水体 WATR 5.97 5.19 水域及水利设施 耕地 耕地 AGRL 14.65 12.97 园地 园地 ORCD 9.26 8.95 居住地 城镇用地 URBN 29.94 28.96 采矿用地 交通运输用地 城市绿地 城市绿地 GRLD 10.73 14.58 其他用地 裸地 BARR 1.81 1.60
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表 3 2015年厦门市各辖区生态水文调节服务
Table 3. Ecological hydrological regulation results over different districts in Xiamen City in 2015
辖区 降水量/ (108 m3) 径流量/ (108 m3) 潜在径流量/ (108 m3) 生态水文调节量/ (108 m3) 单位面积生态水文调节量/ (104 m3/km2) 生态水文调节比例/ % 海沧区 2.59 1.22 1.66 0.44 25.89 17.03 湖里区 0.86 0.45 0.49 0.04 6.20 4.96 集美区 4.42 2.17 2.83 0.66 25.93 14.87 思明区 0.91 0.39 0.52 0.14 18.29 15.24 同安区 12.20 5.88 8.79 2.91 44.61 23.85 翔安区 5.07 2.16 3.40 1.24 36.67 24.48
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表 4 2015年厦门市各月生态水文调节服务
Table 4. Ecological hydrological regulation results among months in Xiamen City in 2015
108 m3 月份 实际径流量 潜在径流量 生态水文调节量 1 0.21 0.32 0.13 2 0.11 0.16 0.05 3 0.10 0.14 0.04 4 0.29 0.51 0.22 5 2.78 4.35 1.57 6 1.04 1.41 0.37 7 1.88 2.86 0.97 8 2.42 3.52 1.10 9 1.63 2.23 0.60 10 0.31 0.18 -0.12 11 0.12 0.10 -0.02 12 1.37 1.89 0.52
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表 5 2010—2015年厦门市各辖区重分类土地利用类型面积变化量
Table 5. Land use changes for different districts in Xiamen City during 2010-2015
km2 辖区 各重分类土地利用类型面积变化量 森林 灌木林 园地 草地 耕地 城市绿地 海沧区 0 0 -0.02 0 -1.37 8.33 湖里区 0 0 0 0.01 -0.21 8.32 集美区 -0.02 0 -0.53 0.03 -2.18 11.28 思明区 0 0 0 0.01 -0.06 6.41 同安区 0.01 -0.01 -2.46 0.60 -3.97 9.91 翔安区 0 -0.01 -1.96 0.87 -10.63 15.91
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表 6 2010年和2015年厦门市各辖区生态水文调节服务
Table 6. Ecological hydrological regulation results for different districts in Xiamen City in 2010 and 2015
辖区 2010年 2015年 2010—2015年变化量 生态水文调节量/(108 m3) 单位面积生态水文调节量/(104 m3/km2) 生态水文调节量/(108 m3) 单位面积生态水文调节量/(104 m3/km2) 生态水文调节量/(108 m3) 单位面积生态水文调节量/(104 m3/km2) 海沧区 0.39 22.76 0.44 25.89 0.05 3.13 湖里区 0.02 3.36 0.04 6.20 0.02 2.85 集美区 0.59 23.16 0.66 25.93 0.07 2.77 思明区 0.12 15.38 0.14 18.29 0.02 2.91 同安区 2.31 35.38 2.91 44.61 0.60 9.23 翔安区 1.16 34.30 1.24 36.67 0.08 2.38 合计 4.58 29.39 5.43 34.83 0.85 5.44
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