Quantification and Valuation of Water Supply Ecosystem Service in Xiamen City, China
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摘要: 突出的水污染问题严重影响生态系统供水服务，针对现有研究对水质影响和供水价值的评估考虑不足，尚无法将水质、供水服务及其价值与管理措施相联系，难以满足水资源和水环境管理的决策需求等问题，综合考虑水资源和水环境，建立了水质水量-供水服务-供水价值的联系，应用于厦门市生态系统供水服务评估并提出管理建议.采用SWAT（Soil and Water Assessment Tool）模型模拟水量，引入主要污染物超标当量和水质当量的概念评估水质，采用市场价值法和环境恢复成本法评估其价值.结果表明：2015年厦门市生态系统供水量为9.26×108 m3，供水价值量为14.82×108元，比2010年分别增加了1.77×108 m3和2.60×108元.2015年和2010年厦门市水质恶化导致供水价值量分别损失0.31×108和0.27×108元.厦门市供水服务具有较强的时空异质性和水体差异性，发掘潜力较大，受到总体下降的水质影响，建议从提升水源涵养能力和改善水质这两方面入手开展研究，以提升供水服务.该研究方法操作简单，评估结果易于比较和被决策者理解，但对经济发展程度的影响和水质定价考虑不足，在今后研究中应将地方经济发展程度纳入评估体系，并修正水污染处理成本.Abstract: The water pollution problem has become increasingly prominent, which becomes a major factor restraining ecosystem water supply services. However, the impact of water quality and the valuation of water supply service are often neglected in current research. It is still difficult to link management practices to water quality, water supply service and its value, which limits its application in the decision-making of water resources and water environment management. Therefore, a link was established between water quality and quantity, water supply services, and water supply value based on the water resources and water quality. The quantification and valuation of water supply service, and proposed management suggestions for Xiamen City were conducted accordingly. In this study, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was employed to simulate water quantity. The market value method and the environmental restoration cost method were employed to evaluate the value of water supply service. The concepts of major excessive pollutant equivalent and water quality equivalent were proposed to estimate the water quality. The results showed that the water supply quantity of the ecosystem in 2015 was 9.26×108 m3, with a value of 14.82×108 RMB in Xiamen. Compared with 2010, the water supply quantity increased by 1.77×108 m3 and its value increased by 2.60×108 RMB. Deterioration of water quality decreased the value of water supply service by 0.31×108 RMB in 2015 and 0.27×108 RMB in 2010, respectively. The water supply service potential in Xiamen City was large with obvious spatiotemporal variations among different water bodies, and it was affected by overall declining water quality. Further research on the improvement of water conservation capacity and water quality should be conducted to enhance the water supply service. The method and results are understandable for non-technical decision makers and allow easy operation and comparison. While the impact of economic development and the pricing strategy of water quality are not fully considered yet, the local economic development level should be considered, and the wastewater treatment cost should be revised in future research.
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Key words:
- water supply service /
- ecosystem services /
- value assessment /
- water resources /
- water quality
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图 1 厦门市供水服务评估单元
Figure 1. The assessment units of the water supply service in Xiamen City
表 1 2010年和2015年厦门市各辖区供水服务
Table 1. Water supply service of each district in Xiamen City in 2010 and 2015
辖区 供水量/(108 m3) 供水价值量/(108元) 主要污染物超标当量/(103 t) 水质当量/(106 m3) 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 厦门市 7.50 9.26 12.22 14.82 -13.39 -20.89 -16.04 -25.03 集美区 1.78 2.27 2.91 3.63 -4.01 -1.76 -4.80 -2.10 同安区 5.14 6.39 8.37 10.22 -8.56 -15.27 -10.26 -18.30 翔安区 0.58 0.60 0.94 0.97 -0.82 -3.86 -0.99 -4.63 注：负数表示对供水服务为负面影响，下同. 
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表 2 2010年和2015年厦门市各主要水体供水服务
Table 2. Water supply service of major water bodies in Xiamen City in 2010 and 2015
主要水体 供水量/(108 m3) 供水价值量/(108元) 主要污染物超标当量/(103 t) 水质当量/(106 m3) 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 2010年 2015年 石兜-坂头水库 0.52 0.63 0.85 1.01 -0.27 0.08 -0.32 0.10 汀溪水库 1.06 1.26 1.73 2.02 0.06 0.17 0.07 0.21 杏林湾水库 0.69 0.92 1.13 1.47 -0.96 -0.10 -1.15 -0.12 东西溪 4.00 4.96 6.51 7.93 -7.18 -12.32 -8.60 -14.75 九溪 0.37 0.40 0.61 0.65 -0.71 -2.64 -0.85 -3.16 后溪 0.57 0.72 0.93 1.16 -2.78 -1.74 -3.33 -2.09 官浔溪 0.28 0.37 0.46 0.59 -1.55 -4.36 -1.86 -5.22
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