Status and Countermeasures of Environmental Management of the 'Three Phosphorus' Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
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摘要: “十三五”期间总磷成为长江经济带水体首要污染因子，长江流域的总磷污染开始引起各方面的高度关注.我国“三磷”〔磷矿、磷化工（含磷肥、含磷农药、黄磷制造等）、磷石膏库〕企业主要分布在长江经济带四川省、云南省、贵州省、重庆市、湖南省、湖北省、江苏省等7省市，企业分布与长江总磷污染程度呈正相关.介绍了我国“三磷”行业产业发展现状，全面梳理长江经济带7省市“三磷”行业环境污染现状，进一步指出现阶段“三磷”行业存在的主要环境问题：①磷石膏库防渗不到位、渗滤液无法有效收集；②磷肥企业雨污分流不完善、初期雨水收集设施不规范；③黄磷企业“点天灯”、无组织废气排放控制不严；④含磷农药企业母液处理回收难度大；⑤磷矿矿井水不能稳定达标排放、贮矿场雨污分流不彻底.针对上述问题，提出规范化整治建议，即完善企业雨污分流以及加强黄磷尾气综合利用、含磷农药母液处理、磷石膏综合利用等.结合国家层面宏观管控要求，剖析了现阶段“三磷”行业环境管理政策存在的问题，提出针对性对策建议：①完善“三磷”标准规范制修订工作；②继续强化“三磷”排查整治专项行动；③加强环境综合监管力度及效能；④政策层面推动磷石膏综合利用.Abstract: Since total phosphorus become the primary pollution factor of the Yangtze River Economic Belt during the '13th Five-Year Plan', total phosphorus pollution in the Yangtze River Basin has aroused extensive attention. 'Three phosphorus' (phosphorus ore, phosphorous chemical industry (phosphorus-containing fertilizers, phosphorus-containing pesticides, yellow phosphorus manufacturing, etc.), phosphogypsum reservoir) enterprises are located in Sichuan Province, Yunnan Province, Guizhou Province, Chongqing City, Hunan Province, Hubei Province, Jiangsu Province. We found that the concentration of enterprises is positively related to the total phosphorus pollution in the Yangtze River. This article introduces the status quo of industrial development of the 'three phosphorus' industry in China, comprehensively sorts out the current status of environmental pollution of the 'three phosphorus' industry in the seven provinces and cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and further refers to the main environmental problems of the 'three phosphorus' industry in the emerging stage: (1) Insufficient anti-seepage and ineffective collection of leachate of the phosphogypsum reservoir; (2) Inadequate rain and sewage shunts in phosphate fertilizer companies and irregular initial rainwater collection facilities; (3) Yellow phosphorous enterprises have 'strict lighting' and poor controls of unorganized exhaust emission; (4) Difficult to treat and recycle the ML of phosphorus-containing pesticide; (5) The treatment of underground phosphate mine water cannot meet the discharge standards steadily and rainwater and sewage are not completely transferred to the storage yard. For the above problems, it is proposed to strengthen the environmental management capacity of enterprises, use the principles of sewage diversion to transform wastewater systems, strengthen the comprehensive utilization of yellow phosphorus tail gas, treat phosphorus-containing pesticide mother liquor, and comprehensive utilize phosphogypsum. This article analyzes the existing problems of the environmental management policy of the 'three phosphorus' industry in combination with national-level macro control requirements, proposes the targeted countermeasures; (2) Improve the standardization and revision of the 'three phosphorus' standards; (2) Strengthen the 'three phosphorus' investigation and rectification special action; (3) Strengthen the intensity and effectiveness of comprehensive environmental supervision; (4) Promote the comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum at the policy level.
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图 1 长江经济带7省市磷石膏库数量占比
Figure 1. Proportion of phosphogypsum reservoirs in 7 provinces and cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 2 长江经济带7省市磷化工企业数量占比
Figure 2. Proportion of phosphorus chemical enterprises in 7 provinces and cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt
图 3 长江经济带7省市磷矿企业数量占比
Figure 3. Proportion of phosphate enterprises in 7 provinces and cities of the Yangtze River Economic Belt
表 1 长江经济带7省市“三磷”企业数量分类统计结果[16]
Table 1. Statistical results of the number classification of 'three phosphorus' enterprises in 7 provinces (cities) of the Yangtze River Economic Belt[16]
省份 磷石膏库/个 磷化工企业/家 磷矿企业/个 合计/家(个) 黄磷企业 磷肥企业 含磷农药企业 江苏省 4 0 6 14 2 26 湖北省 40 6 85 5 81 217 湖南省 0 0 4 2 10 16 重庆市 3 0 3 3 0 9 四川省 30 14 56 4 32 136 贵州省 14 20 34 0 41 109 云南省 10 45 70 0 63 188 合计 101 85 258 28 229 701 注：生态环境部2019年8月20日首次公布“三磷”专项地方自查情况显示，长江经济带7省市存在“三磷”企业692家(个)，而后9月生态环境执法系统地方自查上报新增9家(个)企业，目前最新统计数据显示长江经济带7省市现存“三磷”企业701家(个). 
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表 2 磷石膏库存在的主要环境问题
Table 2. Major environmental issues of phosphogypsum reservoirs
序号 主要环境问题 具体情况 1 磷石膏库防渗措施不到位 101个磷石膏库中在AQ 2059—2016《磷石膏库安全技术规程》实施后建成投用的新建库仅7个，占比约为7%.早期建设的磷石膏库普遍防渗措施不到位，渗滤液渗漏对于地下水及地表水污染风险极大 2 磷石膏库拦洪沟建设不规范 雨季冲刷易造成污水外排，排(截)洪沟建设不规范，过流断面普遍偏小，存在雨季冲刷污水外排风险 3 渗滤液收集池池容普遍不足 收集池池容普遍不足，不能满足渗滤液储存水需求，暴雨状况下有溢池、偷排现象 4 地下水监测不规范 目前，未按照GB 18599—2001《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》要求已建设上游、横向、下游三类地下水监测井的磷石膏库为38个，占比约为38%.大部分磷石膏堆场未开展规范化的监测和记录，监测的项目不全、频次不规范
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表 3 黄磷企业存在的主要环境问题
Table 3. Major environmental issues of yellow phosphorus enterprise
序号 主要环境问题 具体情况 1 “点天灯” 黄磷生产过程中产生大量CO尾气，传统粗放生产过程是将尾气点燃排空，即俗称的“点天灯”，造成元素磷、砷、硫等污染物随着废气排入大气，污染周边环境 2 无组织废气排放控制不严 黄磷企业水淬渣池、折流池、泥磷回收环节等均有大量无组织废气排放；黄磷炉排渣、磷铁的高温烟气以及磷渣水淬时排放的淬渣蒸汽；泥磷收集池、折流池、含磷污水循环池中的单质磷自燃，产生五氧化二磷烟气无组织排放；泥磷回收(包括转炉蒸磷和磷泥制酸)装置运行时尾气的无组织排放
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表 4 含磷农药企业存在的主要环境问题
Table 4. Major environmental issues of phosphorus-containing pesticides enterprise
序号 主要环境问题 具体情况 1 含磷母液回收处理设施运行不正常 含磷农药草甘膦母液由于成分复杂、难降解有机物含量高，回收处理难度很大，存在一定技术瓶颈 2 污水处理系统运行不稳定 含磷农药废水中的有机磷化合物、甲醛等成分会对生化系统的污泥活性产生影响，导致生化系统活性差，从而影响出水水质 3 危险废物贮存不规范 含磷农药生产的副产工业盐应满足标准，不合格的副产盐需按照危险废物进行管理；部分企业环境管理不到位，危险废物贮存场未按要求建设，存在混存及库外堆放现象
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表 5 磷矿存在的主要环境问题
Table 5. Major environmental issues of phosphorus ore
序号 主要环境问题 具体情况 1 地下开采磷矿矿井水无法稳定达标排放 外排水难以达标排放的磷矿企业中约83%为地下开采磷矿；对于地下开采磷矿，其矿井水处理和达标排放是最突出问题，矿井水处理设施抗冲击能力不强，易受雨季影响，矿井排水水量波动较大，存在超标排放现象 2 贮矿场、排土场雨污分流不彻底 据生态环境执法系统“三磷”专项排查数据统计，雨污分流不完善的企业数量最多，约为废水不稳定达标企业数量的3倍、废水处理设施不规范企业数量的10倍 3 部分矿区管理不规范 弃土场、低品位矿堆场、原料堆场等“三防”措施落实不到位，作业区、道路运输降尘治理设施不足，扬尘污染严重 4 生态恢复措施不完善 矿山生态恢复比例低，生态恢复措施不完善问题普遍存在，我国矿山复垦率仅为15%
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