Optimization of Layout and Function of Old Wharf in the Upstream of the Yangtze River for Ecological Environment Improvement
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摘要: 针对长江上游部分港口码头环保基础设施、技术、工艺较为落后，难以满足日益趋严的环保要求的问题，以重庆长寿港区为例，按照“关键生态环境问题识别—码头布局功能优化—生态风险分析”的思路，开展了长江上游老旧码头布局功能优化研究.结果表明：①现状中存在的关键生态环境问题：煤炭砂石等高污染码头作业区分布散、规模小且同质化经营，导致岸线集约化利用程度低；铁水联运条件未充分利用，导致公路转运对城区环境压力凸显.②基于产业规模与泊位建设供需分析—泊位布置—作业区布置的技术路线，通过优化临港产业布局，关停并转作业区6个，恢复岸线483 m，规划生产性泊位由56个减至46个，规划利用岸线由9 565 m减至8 225 m，促进码头作业规模化、产业结构合理化、岸线利用集约化.③根据铁路物流量测算，规划提升铁路运能，预测2035年铁路货运分担率将达13%、水运分担率将达29%、公路运输量将逐年下降.④布局功能优化后，港口码头与铁公水联运的生态环境相对风险值大幅降低，证实了岸线集约利用和提高铁水联用运输结构比例可降低交通运输对区域生态环境的风险压力.研究显示，面向绿色可持续发展的产业总体布局与面向高效低污染的铁水联运优化，是长江上游老旧码头提升发展的有效途径.Abstract: Some old wharves in the upstream of the Yangtze River have gradually failed to meet the increasingly strict environmental requirements due to small scale, rotten infrastructure and backward technologies. Following the steps of identification of key ecological environmental problems, optimization of wharf layout and function, and ecological risk analysis, a study on the optimization of the layout and function of the old wharf in the upstream of the Yangtze River was carried out by taking Changshou port in Chongqing as an example. The results show that: (1) The key eco-environmental issues included low intensive utilization efficiency of coastline caused by scattered distribution and small scale of wharf loading and unloading coal, sand and stone, as well as insufficient utilization of railway-waterway coordinated transport, exerting environmental pressure on urban areas caused by highway transportation. (2) Based on the analysis of industrial-scale, relationship between supply and demand of berth, berth arrangement, operation area arrangement, the layout of port industry was optimized, which resulted in the close of 6 operation area, restoration of 483 m shoreline, reduction in the number of planned productive berths from 56 to 46, and decrease in planned shoreline from 9565 m to 8225 m. (3) According to the calculation of railway logistics volume, the railway transportation capacity was improved. It is estimated that the freight sharing rate by railway would reach 13% in 2035, with the water freight volume of 29%. Road transportation volume would decrease year by year. (4) After optimization, the relative risk value of the port and the railway-highway-waterway transportation to the ecological environment was greatly reduced, which proved that the intensive utilization of coastline and the proportion increment of the railway-waterway transportation could reduce or eliminate the risk to the region ecological environment. The results indicate that optimization of overall industry layout and railway-waterway coordinated transport are an effective way to improve the ecological environment of the old wharf in the upstream of the Yangtze River.
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图 4 大宗物资物流区产业规模预测及用地规模
Figure 4. Industrial scale forecast and land use scale of bulk material logistics area
图 5 布局功能优化前后风险源的相对风险值
Figure 5. The relative risk values of risk source before and after the optimization on layout and function
表 1 重钢作业区钢铁原材料通用散货泊位供需关系
Table 1. Supply-demand relationship of general bulk berth for steel raw materials of Chongqing iron & steel work area
项目 2025年 2030年 2035年 矿石货运量预测/(104 t/a) 478 610 783 煤炭货运量预测/(104 t/a) 463 564 756 散货货运总量预测/(104 t/a) 941 1 174 1 539 散货泊位设计通过能力/(104 t/a) 230 泊位需求量/个 4 5 7 重钢作业区现有散货泊位/个 3 规划专业散货泊位建设情况 重钢作业区改建现有0#泊位 大石门作业区新建专业散货泊位1个 大石门作业区新建专业散货泊位2个 规划散货泊位/个 4 5 7 
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表 2 长寿区矿石煤炭港前作业堆场及仓储物流用地
Table 2. Storage yard and storage land for ore and coal in Changshou
货类 2025年 2030年 2035年 物流量预测/(104 t/a) 港前作业堆场用地/(104 m2) 仓储物流用地/(104 m2) (104 t/a) 港前作业堆场用地/(104 m2) 仓储物流用地/(104 m2) 物流量预测/(104 t/a) 港前作业堆场用地/(104 m2) 仓储物流用地/(104 m2) 矿石 478 8.2 9.4 610 10.5 12.0 783 13.3 15.4 煤炭 463 9.3 10.7 564 11.3 13.0 756 15.0 17.3
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表 3 水运设施整合计划
Table 3. Water transport facilities integration plan
分区 作业区 码头 规划泊位数量/个 设计通过能力 经营范围 化学品分拨中心 胡家坪作业区 川维码头 3(液体化工)、1(件杂货)、2(洗舱) 5.2×106 t/a 液体危险化学品、集装箱、化工 新恒阳码头(团山堡码头) 3(液体化工) 4.5×106 t/a 液体危险化学品、集装箱、化工 2(集装箱) 2.0×105 TEU/a 冯家湾作业区 化工码头 5(液体化工) 5.1×106 t/a 砂石、煤炭、危化品、集装箱 1(集装箱) 0.5×105 TEU/a 保税仓特色仓储物流区 胡家坪作业区 川江船厂 2(滚装车) 2.0×105辆/a 集装箱、滚装车、环保监测 长明码头 3(集装箱) 3.0×105 TEU/a 集装箱、滚装车、环保监测 大宗物资物流区 重钢作业区 重钢原材料码头 4(重钢原材料) 9.7×106 t/a 矿石、煤炭、钢材原材料 重钢成品码头 3(钢材成品) 4.5×106 t/a 钢材成品 盐巴石作业区 鱼梁骨码头 1(散货)、2(件杂货) 5.3×106 t/a 石材、木材 盘子石作业区 — 2(散货)、2(件杂货) 7.6×106 t/a 砂石、粮食等 功能升级拓展区 大石门作业区 — 2(散货)、2(件杂货) 12.9×106 t/a 生活物资、化工、滚装车 2(滚装车) 2×105辆/a 合计 — 46 54.8×106 t/a、5.5×105 TEU/a、4×105辆/a — 注：TEU表示标箱.
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年份 货运量/(104 t/a) 分担率/% 铁路 水运 公路 合计 铁路 水运 公路 2015 414 1 500 4 889 6 803 6.0 22.1 71.9 2025 1 480 3 848 9 472 14 800 10 26 64 2030 2 424 5 454 12 322 20 200 12 27 61 2035 3 341 7 453 14 906 25 700 13 29 58
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表 5 风险源、压力、生境、生态终点间关系
Table 5. Exposure-hazard relationship of risk resource, compressive force, ecological receptors
生境 风险源 生态终点 港口码头 公路运输 浮游植物 浮游动物 底栖动物 城区居民 近岸水体 D、C、S — N N N — 临江城区 — C — — — N 注：D表示物理扰动；C表示污染；S表示改变沉积；N表示风险压力与生态终点的暴露方式为栖息地或活动领域；—表示无关联.
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