我国固定源挥发性有机物污染管控的现状与挑战

修光利; 吴应; 王芳芳; 余惠洁; 赵江月; 张巍

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.03.32

我国固定源挥发性有机物污染管控的现状与挑战

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.03.32

修光利^{1, 2, 3,},
吴应^{1, 2},
王芳芳^{1, 2, 3},
余惠洁⁴,
赵江月¹,
张巍^{1, 2, 3}

1.
华东理工大学, 上海市环境保护化学污染物环境标准与风险管理重点实验室, 上海 200237
2.
华东理工大学, 国家环境保护化工过程环境风险评价与控制重点实验室, 上海 200237
3.
上海污染控制与生态安全研究院, 上海 200092
4.
华东理工大学商学院, 上海 200237

基金项目:

上海市科委课题 18DZ1206702

上海市生态环境局科研项目 Huhuanke[2018]-11

上海市生态环境局科研项目 huhuanke[2018]-58

详细信息

作者简介:
修光利(1972-), 男, 山东海阳人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事大气污染化学与控制、环境标准与风险管理研究, xiugl@ecust.edu.cn

中图分类号: X51
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- 文章访问数: 1210
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-11-07
- 修回日期: 2020-03-13
- 刊出日期: 2020-09-25

Current Status and Challenge for Control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Stationary Sources in China

XIU Guangli^{1, 2, 3
,},
WU Ying^{1, 2},
WANG Fangfang^{1, 2, 3},
YU Huijie⁴,
ZHAO Jiangyue¹,
ZHANG Wei^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
2.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Risk Assessment and Control of Chemical Materials on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
3.
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
4.
School of Business, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

Funds:

Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, China 18DZ1206702

Shanghai Department of Ecology and Environment, China Huhuanke[2018]-11

Shanghai Department of Ecology and Environment, China huhuanke[2018]-58

摘要

摘要: 挥发性有机物（VOCs）成为PM_2.5和臭氧（O₃）协同控制的核心污染物之一，但目前VOCs污染控制仍处于摸索阶段，其控制措施的有效性有待总结研究.为了进一步推动VOCs管控的有效性和科学性，对VOCs的定义、表征方法、排放标准、全过程控制技术及相应制度体系的现状进行了梳理，分析了存在的问题，并提出了相应的对策建议.结果表明：①国家和地方对VOCs的定义尚未统一，导致管控范围不明确，因此建议基于VOCs的物理性质（沸点和蒸气压）确定其管控范围，并与恶臭物质、有毒有害污染物分类协同控制，研究制定豁免清单和优先控制清单.②通过比较VOCs表征和监测方法的差异发现，非甲烷总烃（NMHC）的检测方法在稳定性、可靠性方面尚存在不足，建议建立总碳氢化合物（THC）与NMHC相结合的监测方法.③基于全过程控制技术体系的概念，分析并发现源头控制、过程控制、末端治理措施实施中存在投入和产出不平衡、稳定达标困难等问题，建议基于治理措施的全生命周期综合效益评价，建立最佳治理技术筛选方法.④针对VOCs排放总量控制制度与排污许可证制度、排放税制度等尚未有效联动的问题，建议统一总量核算办法、增设专门的VOCs排放税.⑤鉴于国家和地方排放标准存在差异，建议制定区域一体化排放标准以避免某些产业在有限区域内简单转移.
- 挥发性有机物(VOCs) /
- 管控范围 /
- 全过程控制 /
- 总量控制 /
- 排放标准
Abstract: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are some of the core air pollutants for comprehensive control of PM_2.5 and ozone. However, the control of VOCs is still in the exploration period, so the effectiveness of control strategies needs to be summarized and studied. In order to further improve the control of VOCs more effectively and scientifically, the current status of definition, characterization, emission standard, whole-process control technology and corresponding regulation systems of VOCs were investigated, the existing problems were analyzed and some comments and suggestions were made. The results demonstrated that: (1) The national and local definitions for VOCs are not consistent which result in the unclear control scope of VOCs. Thus, it is proposed that the control scope of VOCs should be determined based on physical properties of VOCs including boiling points and vapor pressures, coordinately control together with odorant, air toxics to study and formulate the exemption and priority list of pollutants. (2) By comparing the differences in the characterization and detection methods of VOCs, some defects in stability and reliability of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were found. Therefore, it is recommended to set up a monitoring method through combining total hydrocarbon (THC) with NMHC. (3) Based on the concept of the whole-process control, some shortcomings such as imbalance of input-output, difficult matching emission standard were discussed for implementation of source control, process control and end-pipe treatment. The best technology screening method was proposed based on evaluation of comprehensive life-cycle environmental benefit analysis. (4) Because the total emissions quantity control policy hasn't been inter-connected effectively with policies such as emission permits and emission taxes, it is necessary to unify the methods for the estimation of total VOCs emissions, and VOCs should be added to the emission tax list. (5) Due to the difference between national and local emission standards, it is necessary to integrate regional emission standards of VOCs to avoid the simple transfer of some industries within limited regions.
- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) /
- control scope /
- whole-process control /
- total emission quantity control /
- emission standards

HTML全文

图 1 跨介质环境综合效益需要考虑的因素^[37]

Figure 1. The considering factors for cross-media environmental comprehensive benefit^[37]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同治理技术在不同情景下对PM_2.5削减贡献量的估算效果(以上海市为例)

Figure 2. The estimated effects for PM_2.5 reduction by different techniques under different scenario (Shanghai)

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 浙江省重点行业污染源排放的VOCs捕集效率认定结果

Table 1. The identified collection efficiency of VOCs for key industrial sources in Zhejiang Province

收集方式	捕集效率		达到上限效率必须满足的条件(否则按下限计)
收集方式	通用行业	工业涂装及印刷	达到上限效率必须满足的条件(否则按下限计)
设备废气排口直接相连	80%~95%	100%	设备有固定排放管(或口)直接与风管相连，设备整体密闭只留进出口，且进出口处有废气收集措施，收集系统运行时周边基本无VOCs散发
车间或者密闭间进行密闭收集	80%~95%	100%	屋面现浇，四周墙壁或者门窗等密闭性好.收集总风量能确保开口处保持微负压(敞开截面处的吸入风速≥0.5 m/s)，不让废气外泄
半密闭罩或通风橱方式收集(罩内或橱内操作)	65%~85%	80%	污染物产生点(面)处，往吸入口方向的控制风速≥某一数值(喷漆≥0.75 m/s，其余≥0.5 m/s)
热态上吸风罩	30%~60%	60%	污染物产生点(面)处，往吸入口方向的控制风速≥0.5 m/s.热态指污染源散发气体温度≥60 ℃
冷态上吸风罩	20%~50%	50%	污染物产生点(面)处，往吸入口方向的控制风速≥0.25 m/s.冷态指污染源散发气体温度 < 60 ℃
侧吸风罩	20%~40%	40%	污染物产生点(面)处，往吸入口方向的控制风速≥0.5 m/s，且吸风罩距离污染源远端的距离≤0.6 m
注：收集设施不正常运行，VOCs捕集效率视为0；收集设施正常运行，与收集方式描述基本一致，但集气无法达到收集控制要求时，前3种按75%取值，后3种按照50%取值.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 典型行业的国家和地方NMHC控制水平比较

Table 2. Comparison of national-level NMHC control standards of typical industry mg/m³

行业	河北省	浙江省	江苏省	山东省	上海市	北京市	国家层面	建议值
涂料、油墨制造	80		80	50	50	20	80(60)	80(60)
胶粘剂制造	80		80	60	50	20	80(60)	80(60)
医药制造(生物制药)	60	80	80	60	80	20	100(60)	80(60)
木材加工业	60	80(60)		—	15	50	120	80(60)
家具制造业	60	80(60)	40(VOCs)	40(VOCs)	15	10	120	60(40)
汽车制造	50	60(50)	30或60(VOCs)	30或50(VOCs)	21	25	120	60(30)
印刷工业	50			50(VOCs)	50	30	120	80(50)
船舶工业	60	80(60)		70	50或70	50	120	80(60)
其他表面涂装	60	80(60)		50或70	70	50	120	80(60)
注：括号内数据为特别排放限值.

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 国家和地方VOCs排放标准的指标体系

Table 3. The indicator system of national and local VOCs emission standard

控制途径	控制指标	标准示例
原辅材料控制	涂料油墨胶黏剂VOCs含量	船舶、印刷、家具等行业排放标准
工艺控制	工艺操作要求	石化、制药、涂料、油墨、胶粘剂制造等行业排放标准
有组织排放	排放浓度	全部国家和地方排放标准
	去除效率	石化、制药、涂料、油墨、胶粘剂制造国家行业排放标准，河北省相关标准
	排放速率	国家综合排放标准及上海市、四川省等地方排放标准
无组织排放	泄漏检测(LDAR)	石化、最新挥发性有机物无组织排放控制标准
	代表点(储罐罐顶、废水液面)无组织排放	石化、制药、涂料、油墨、胶黏剂制造等行业排放标准
	厂区监控浓度	VOCs无组织排放控制标准、上海市和北京市相关标准
	厂界监控浓度	全部国家和地方排放标准
总量控制	单位产品VOCs排放量	合成树脂工业排放标准
总量控制	单位产品基准排气量	橡胶制品等排放标准

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我国固定源挥发性有机物污染管控的现状与挑战

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.03.32

作者简介:
修光利(1972-), 男, 山东海阳人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事大气污染化学与控制、环境标准与风险管理研究, xiugl@ecust.edu.cn

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Current Status and Challenge for Control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Stationary Sources in China

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我国固定源挥发性有机物污染管控的现状与挑战

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.03.32

作者简介: 修光利(1972-), 男, 山东海阳人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事大气污染化学与控制、环境标准与风险管理研究, xiugl@ecust.edu.cn

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Current Status and Challenge for Control of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from Stationary Sources in China

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作者简介:
修光利(1972-), 男, 山东海阳人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事大气污染化学与控制、环境标准与风险管理研究, xiugl@ecust.edu.cn