Revision and Determination of Wastewater Discharge Permit Limit Based on Technology and Water Quality Target
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摘要: “十三五”期间，我国排污许可管理制度已基本建立；“十四五”时期，我国排污许可管理将逐步过渡到注重水质达标的管理阶段.为适应我国排污许可新的管理需求，研究了基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术.其中，基于技术的排放限值核定主要根据企业的行业属性和核定产能，结合环境影响评价批复的污染物排放额度，确定其排放浓度限值和排放总量限值；基于水质的排放限值核定需建立污染源与水质之间的响应关系，以地表水水质达标为目标，计算各污染源的最大允许排放量.最终的排污许可限值为基于技术的排污许可限值和基于水质的排污许可限值的最小值.以常州为例，从常州排污许可证核发重点行业选取了两家化工企业A和B，核算其基于技术的排放限值；采用水质模拟和污染物最大允许排放量分配技术，计算了污染物最大允许排放量，并分配到两家化工企业，作为基于水质的排放限值.结果表明：A化工企业CODCr和NH3-N的最终排污许可限值分别为6.53和0.075 t/a，其中，CODCr的最终取值为基于水质的排放限值，NH3-N基于技术和基于水质的排放取值相同；B化工企业CODCr和NH3-N的最终排放限值分别为11.60和0.17 t/a，最终取值均为基于技术的排放限值.研究显示，基于水质的排许可限值受到企业自身和外部水环境容量的双重影响，应从严制定排污许可限值，既能达到企业行业排放标准和环境影响评价批复的要求，又能满足水环境质量达标的目标.Abstract: China's discharge permit system is mainly established in the '13th Five-Year Plan'. In the '14th Five-Year Plan', the management of the discharge permit system should pay more attention to the supervision over the water quality compliance. To adopt to the new management demands for the wastewater discharge permit limit, this work discussed revision and determination of wastewater discharge permit limit based on technology and water quality target. The revision and determination of the technology-based effluent limits (TBELs) was determined based on the industry sector and its approved production capacity, combined with the ratified pollutant discharge quota by the environmental impact assessment. The water quality based effluent limits (WQBELs) was determined based on the response relationship between the pollutant loads and the water quality, and the maximum allowable pollutant loads was calculated for the individual pollution sources, aiming to achieve the water quality compliance of surface waters. The value of the final pollution discharge limit will be the lower one of the TBELs and WQBELs so that both requirements can be met. Taking Changzhou as an example, this study selected two chemical enterprises A and B to assess their TBELs because chemical industry was one of the most important industries for pollutant discharge permit work. The water quality model and the allocation technology for the maximum allowable pollutant loads were used to calculate the allowed maximum load for each pollution source, and the calculated allowed maximum load was allocated to the two chemical enterprises as their discharge limit based on the water quality. The result showed that the final discharge permit limit of CODCr and NH3-N for enterprise A was 6.53 and 0.075 t/a, respectively, in which the final CODCr value was based on the WQBEL, and the TBEL and WQBEL of NH3-N were the same. The final discharge permit limit of CODCr and NH3-N for enterprise B was 11.60 and 0.17 t/a, respectively, with both CODCr and NH3-N limits determined by the TBELs. The study indicates that the water quality-based wastewater pollutant discharge permit limit is affected by both the enterprise itself and the water environmental capacity, and the more strict discharge permit limit, i.e., the lower of TBEL and WQBEL should be selected as the limit value so as either to meet the discharge standards for the enterprises and the requirements ratified by the environment impact assessment, or to meet the target of the water environment quality.
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图 1 排污许可限值核定技术路线
Figure 1. General technical route for the determination of the water pollutant discharge limits
图 2 常州市水系概化和水环境功能区划
Figure 2. Primary modeling rivers and water environmental function zonation in Changzhou City
图 3 常州市重点水质监测断面水质超标率情况
Figure 3. The ratios of water quality values over standards for the test sites in Changzhou City
图 4 2018年常州市污染物排放强度
Figure 4. Estimation of the pollutant loads in Changzhou City in 2018
图 5 常州市地表水资源量的年际变化
Figure 5. Annual variation of the water resources in Changzhou City
图 6 2018年常州市主要考核断面水质模拟值与实测值的对比
Figure 6. Comparison of the simulation results and the monitoring data in the primary test sites of Changzhou City in 2018
表 1 两家化工企业环评批复量与根据排放标准核定的许可量比较
Table 1. Comparison of loads of two chemical enterprises ratified by EIA and loads calculated by standards
t/a 项目 A化工企业 B化工企业 环评批复量 排放限值 环评批复量 排放限值 水量 148 414.8 42 470 — 46 400 CODCr 36.39 10.61 — 11.60 NH3-N 0.075 0.74 — 0.17 
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表 2 两家化工企业基于技术的排放限值
Table 2. TBELs of the two chemical enterprises based on technology
污染物 A化工企业 B化工企业 年排放限值/
(t/a)日排放限值/
(kg/d)年排放限值/
(t/a)日排放限值/
(kg/d)CODCr 10.61 64.05 11.60 77.30 NH3-N 0.075 0.41 0.17 1.13 注：年排放限值(Da)与日排放限值(Dd)的转换公式为Da=Dd×365/1 000/βMDL，其中，βMDL为转换系数，可根据企业污水排放波动性取值，无资料时可取2.0.
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表 3 两家化工企业基于技术和容量排污许可限值的比较
Table 3. Comparison of the discharge permit limits based on technology and water environmental capacity
t/a 化工企业 CODCr排污许可限值 NH3-N排污许可限值 基于技术排放限值 基于水质排放限值 最终排放限值 现状排放量 基于技术排放限值 基于水质排放限值 最终排放限值 现状排放量 A 11.690 6.532 6.532 24.877 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.438 B 11.600 22.983 11.600 87.534 0.170 0.196 0.170 1.151
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