Study and Recommendation on Characteristic Parameters of the Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health
-
摘要: 人体健康水质基准是指在摄入饮用水和水产品时，保护人群健康不受危害的相对应水体中污染物的浓度.我国近年来系统开展了水质基准的研究，但在人体健康水质基准方面的报道相对较少.为保护我国人群健康免受水体中污染物的危害，依据人体健康水质基准制定方法，对基准制定过程中涉及的我国人群暴露参数〔体重（BW）、饮水量（DI）和水产品摄入量（FI）〕和水环境参数〔溶解性有机碳（DOC）、颗粒态有机碳（POC）浓度以及水生生物脂质分数〕进行研究与总结，建议在制定我国人体健康水质基准时，普通人群暴露参数BW、DI和FI分别采用61.9 kg、2.785 L/d和0.030 1 kg/d，水环境参数DOC和POC浓度分别采用2.68和0.73 mg/L，第2、3、4营养级淡水水生生物的脂质分数分别采用2.47%、3.08%、3.16%.基于我国人群暴露参数和水环境参数，推导了12种多环芳烃（PAHs）的人体健康水质基准，其中苯并[a]芘的基准值（4.53×10-4 μg/L）最小，蒽的基准值（173 μg/L）最大.此外，在人体健康水质基准的制定过程中，除饮水途径外，建议充分考虑食用水产品对人体健康产生的危害效应；针对关注区域、年龄组与致癌风险水平不同造成的基准值的较大差异，建议在人体健康水质基准制定过程中对其予以充分考虑.Abstract: Water quality criteria (WQC) for the protection of human health is used to protect human health from adverse effect of pollutants in water when consuming drinking water and aquatic products. Study on WQC was carried out in recent years, but report about human health WQC was lacking. Human health WQC characteristic parameters like exposure factors of Chinese population and parameters of water quality were required in developing WQC values protected for Chinese population. Human health WQC characteristic parameters (body weight (BW), drinking water intake (DI), fish intake (FI), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration and lipid fraction) were studied and recommended in this work. The recommended exposure factors of BW, DI and FI for the general population were 61.9 kg, 2.785 L/d and 0.0301 kg/d, recommended DOC and POC concentrations were 2.68 and 0.73 mg/L, and recommended lipid fractions for trophic level 2, 3 and 4 were 2.47%, 3.08% and 3.16%, respectively. Human health WQC for 12 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on the above recommended characteristic parameters were derived in this work. Among the WQC values of 12 PAHs, WQC value for benzo (a) pyrene is the lowest (4.53×10-4 μg/L), and anthracene is the highest (173 μg/L). In addition, we suggest that the human health risk from intake of aquatic product should be adequately considered (except for only considering the pollutants in drinking water) in the development of water quality criteria of surface water in China. According to the large difference of human health WQC values based on the characteristic parameters from different region, age group and carcinogenic risk level, we also suggest that the differences of characteristic parameters from different region, age group and carcinogenic risk level should be considered.
-
图 1 不同环数PAHs的人体健康水质基准(WQCW+F)
注: WQCW+F为同时摄入饮用水和水产品的人体健康水质基准.
Figure 1. WQC for the protection of human health for PAHs of different aromatic rings (WQCW+F)
表 1 我国人群暴露参数及建议值
Table 1. Exposure factors of Chinese population and their suggestions
暴露参数 年龄 平均值 第50百分位数 第75百分位数 第95百分位数 DI(饮水量)/
(mL/d)6~9岁 1 186 1 082 1 414 2 150 9~12岁 1 280 1 210 1 529 2 300 12~15岁 1 383 1 261 1 700 2 700 15~18岁 1 414 1 186 1 700 3 254 FI(水产品摄入量)/(g/d) ≥18岁 30.1 — — — 6~9岁 30.8 21.4 40.0 100.0 9~12岁 39.2 25.7 50.0 120.0 12~15岁 58.5 34.3 85.7 200.0 15~18岁 55.8 35.7 85.7 200.0 ≥18岁 61.9 60.6 69.0 82.7 6~9岁 26.5 25.0 29.4 38.0 BW(体重)/kg 9~12岁 36.8 35.0 41.6 55.0 12~15岁 47.3 46.4 52.4 65.1 15~18岁 54.8 53.1 60.0 71.0 注：加粗数值为制定我国人体健康水质基准时的推荐值. 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 水环境特征参数DOC和POC浓度及建议值
Table 2. Characteristic parameters of the DOC and POC concentration and their suggestions
项目 中位数 平均值 第5百分位数 第10百分位数 第25百分位数 第50百分位数 第75百分位数 第95百分位数 DOC浓度/
(mg/L)中国 所有类型 2.68 4.19 1.01 1.19 1.52 2.68 4.85 11.84 河流 2.38 3.91 1.00 1.16 1.48 2.38 4.35 11.50 湖泊 6.52 7.03 2.06 2.36 2.79 6.52 9.13 15.19 美国[19] 所有类型 2.9 4.6 0.8 1.2 2.0 2.9 5.4 14.0 POC浓度/
(mg/L)中国 所有类型 0.73 2.76 0.11 0.18 0.31 0.73 2.73 10.90 河流 0.70 2.78 0.11 0.17 0.30 0.70 2.74 11.59 湖泊 1.56 2.50 0.28 0.43 0.61 1.56 2.30 5.30 美国[19] 所有类型 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.1 3.9 注：加粗数值为制定我国人体健康水质基准时的推荐值.
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 水生生物脂质分数特征参数及建议值
Table 3. Characteristic parameters of lipid fraction for aquatic species and their suggestions
营养级 我国脂质分数平均值/% 美国脂质分数平均值/% 第2营养级 2.47 1.9 第3营养级 3.08 2.6 第4营养级 3.16 3.0 注：加粗数值为制定我国人体健康水质基准时的推荐值.
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 12种PAHs的人体健康水质基准
Table 4. WQC for the protection of human health for 12 PAHs
PAHs Nap Acy Ace Flu Phe Ant Flua Pye BAF(2) — 9.93×101 1.23×102 2.83×102 1.99×102 3.95×102 3.96×102 9.25×102 BAF(3) — 6.35×102 4.74×102 1.44×103 7.21×102 9.95×102 1.20×103 1.57×103 BAF(4) — 1.03×102 1.90×102 1.99×103 4.13×102 4.99×102 5.47×102 9.45×103 CSF — — — — — — — — RfD 0.02 — 0.06 0.04 — 0.3 0.04 0.03 WQCW+F — — 70.8 13.9 173 20.7 3.67 WQCF 96.3 15.1 199 23.4 3.78 WQCW 267 178 1 334 178 133 US EPA[46] WQCW+F — — 70 50 — 300 20 20 WQCF 90 70 400 20 30 GB 3838—2002《地表水
环境质量标准》[22]GB 5749—2006《生活
饮用水卫生标准》[47]美国饮用水标准
或健康建议值[48]1 000 1 000 欧盟饮用水标准[49] WHO饮用水标准[50] PAHs BaA Chry BbF BkF BaP DBA BgP InP BAF(2) 5.15×102 1.46×102 4.15×102 3.67×103 3.80×102 — — 6.25×102 BAF(3) 1.48×103 4.44×102 1.09×103 — 7.65×102 2.68×102 1.05×103 1.61×103 BAF(4) 6.51×102 2.05×102 4.34×102 8.44×102 4.63×102 — — 4.57×101 CSF 0.73 0.007 3 0.73 0.073 7.3 7.3 — 0.73 RfD — — — — — — — — WQCW+F 2.93×10-3 0.799 3.82×10-3 0.015 4.53×10-4 7.81×10-4 2.45×10-3 WQCW+F 3.24×10-3 1.08 4.37×10-3 0.016 5.33×10-4 1.05×10-3 2.66×10-3 WQCW 0.03 3.04 0.03 0.30 3×10-3 3×10-3 0.03 US EPA[46] WQCW+F 1.20×10-3 0.12 1.20×10-3 0.012 1.20×10-4 1.20×10-4 — 1.20×10-3 WQCF 1.30×10-3 0.13 1.30×10-3 0.013 1.30×10-4 1.30×10-4 1.30×10-3 GB 3838—2002《地表水
环境质量标准》[22]2.8×10-3 GB 5749—2006《生活
饮用水卫生标准》[47]0.01 21) 美国饮用水标准
或健康建议值[48]0.52) 欧盟饮用水标准[49] 0.01 0.11) WHO饮用水标准[50] 0.7 注：加粗数值的单位为μg/L；相关水质标准的单位为μg/L；BAF的单位为L/kg；CSF的单位为kg·d/mg；RfD的单位为mg/(kg·d). 1) 为总PAH含量；2)为采用10-4致癌风险水平，该研究采用10-6致癌风险水平，即基准值小数点往右移2位可转化为对应10-4水平的基准值；WQCW+F为同时摄入饮用水和水产品的人体健康水质基准，WQCF和WQCW分别为仅摄入水产品和仅摄入饮用水的人体健康水质基准.
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 吴丰昌. 水质基准理论与方法学及其案例研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012. [2] 刘征涛. 中国水环境质量基准绿皮书[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2014. [3] 闫振广, 余若祯, 焦聪颖, 等. 水质基准方法学中若干关键技术探讨[J]. 环境科学研究, 2012, 25(4): 397-403. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20120407&flag=1YAN Zhenguang, YU Ruozhen, JIAO Congying, et al. Research on several critical methodological techniques for development of water quality criteria[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2012, 25(4): 397-403. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20120407&flag=1 [4] 王晓南, 闫振广, 余若祯, 等. 中美水生生物基准受试物种敏感性差异研究[J]. 环境科学, 2016, 37(8): 3216-3223. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201608055.htmWANG Xiaonan, YAN Zhenguang, YU Ruozhen, et al. Difference of species sensitivities for aquatic life criteria in China and the USA[J]. Environmental Science, 2016, 37(8): 3216-3223. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201608055.htm [5] CCME. A protocol for the derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life[R]. Manitoba: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, 1999. [6] ECB. Technical guidance document on risk assessment in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances, commission regulation (EC) no 1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances, and directive 98/8/EC of the European parliament and of the council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Part i-iv[R]. Luxembourg: European Chemicals Bureau, 2003. [7] STEPHEN C E, MOUNT D I, HANSEN D J, et al. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses[R]. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. [8] 吴丰昌, 曹宇静, 李会仙, 等. 镉的淡水水生生物水质基准研究[J]. 环境科学研究, 2011, 24(2): 172-184. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20110208&flag=1WU Fengchang, CAO Yujing, LI Huixian, et al. Derivation of aquatic life water quality criteria for cadmium in freshwater in China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2011, 24(2): 172-184. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20110208&flag=1 [9] 王晓南, 闫振广, 刘征涛, 等. 生物效应比(BER)技术预测我国水生生物基准探讨[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016, 36(1): 276-285. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.01.046WANG Xiaonan, YAN Zhenguang, LIU Zhengtao, et al. Study of using biological effect ratio (BER) method to predict the aquatic life criteria in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016, 36(1): 276-285. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.01.046 [10] FAN B, LI J, WANG X N, et al. Study of aquatic life criteria and ecological risk assessment for triclocarban (TCC)[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112956. [11] 范博, 樊明, 刘征涛, 等. 稀有鮈鲫物种敏感性及其在生态毒理学与水质基准中的应用[J]. 环境科学研究, 2019, 32(7): 1153-1161. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20190707&flag=1FAN Bo, FAN Ming, LIU Zhengtao, et al. Species Sensitivity and application in ecotoxicology and water quality criterion for Gobiocypris rarus[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(7): 1153-1161. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20190707&flag=1 [12] 王晓南, 郑欣, 闫振广, 等. 水质基准鱼类受试生物筛选[J]. 环境科学研究, 2014, 27(4): 341-348. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140402&flag=1WANG Xiaonan, ZHENG Xin, YAN Zhenguang, et al. Screening of native fishes for deriving aquatic life criteria[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2014, 27(4): 341-348. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20140402&flag=1 [13] 王晓南, 刘征涛, 闫振广, 等. 麦穗鱼物种敏感性评价[J]. 环境科学, 2013, 34(6): 2329-2334. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201306041.htmWANG Xiaonan, LIU Zhengtao, YAN Zhenguang, et al. Species sensitivity evaluation of Pseudorasbora parva[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(6): 2329-2334. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201306041.htm [14] WANG X N, FAN B, FAN M, et al. Development and use of interspecies correlation estimation models in China for potential application in water quality criteria[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 240: 124848. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124848 [15] 曹文杰. 基于人体健康的湘江砷、铅水质基准研究[D]. 湘潭: 湘潭大学, 2016. [16] 陈金, 王晓南, 李霁, 等. 太湖流域双酚AF和双酚S人体健康水质基准的研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019, 39(8): 2764-2770. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX201908035.htmCHEN Jin, WANG Xiaonan, LI Ji, et al. Development of ambient water quality criteria of bisphenol AF and bisphenol S for the protection of human health in Taihu Lake[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(8): 2764-2770. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX201908035.htm [17] CHEN J, FAN B, LI J, et al. Development of human health ambient water quality criteria of 12 polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons (PAH) and risk assessment in China[J]. Chemosphere, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126590. [18] 环境保护部. HJ 837-2017人体健康水质基准制定技术指南[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2017. [19] US EPA. Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health[R]. Washington DC: Office of Science and Technology, US Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. [20] 李佳凡, 姚竞芳, 顾佳媛, 等. 黄浦江铅的人体健康水质基准研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2018, 38(12): 1-10. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX201812034.htmLI Jiafan, YAO Jingfang, GU Jiayuan, et al. Human health based water quality criteria of lead in Huangpu River[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018, 38(12): 1-10. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJXX201812034.htm [21] 艾舜豪, 李霁, 王晓南, 等. 太湖双酚A的水质基准研究及风险评价[J]. 环境科学研究, 2020, 33(3): 581-588. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200308&flag=1AI Shunhao, LI Ji, WANG Xiaonan, et al. Water quality criteria and risk assessment of Bisphenol A in Taihu Lake[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(3): 581-588. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200308&flag=1 [22] 国家环境保护总局. GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2002. [23] 环境保护部. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2013. [24] 环境保护部. 中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷: 6~17岁)[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2016. [25] ZHANG L F, LIANG D, REN L J, et al. Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in the surface water of the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012, 24(2): 335-342. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60782-1 [26] SUN J H, WANG G L, CHAI Y, et al. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Henan Reach of the Yellow River, Middle China[J]. Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety, 2009, 72(5): 1614-1624. http://www.tandfonline.com/servlet/linkout?suffix=CIT0011&dbid=8&doi=10.1080%2F10934520903540588&key=18597847 [27] 陈讯. 新型磁性固相萃取材料性能及其在淮河流域有机物检测中应用研究[D]. 南京: 南京大学, 2016. [28] 武江越. 辽河流域水体及表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及风险评估[D]. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2012. [29] 陈锋, 孟凡生, 王业耀, 等. 基于主成分分析-多元线性回归的松花江水体中多环芳烃源解析[J]. 中国环境监测, 2016, 32(4): 49-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-IAOB201604009.htmCHEN Feng, MENG Fansheng, WANG Yeyao, et al. The research of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the River based on the principal component-multivariate linear regression analysis[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2016, 32(4): 49-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-IAOB201604009.htm [30] ARIAS A H, SPETTER C V, FREIJE R H, et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, mussels (Brachidontes sp., Tagelus sp. ) and fish (Odontesthes sp. ) from Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina[J]. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 2009, 85(1): 67-81. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093312210.html [31] MITRA S, BIANCHI T S. A preliminary assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon distributions in the lower Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2003, 82(3): 273-288. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420303000744 [32] US EPA. Provisional guidance for quantitative risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA/600/R-93/089)[M]. Washington DC: Office of Research and Development, United State Environmental Protection Agency, 1993. [33] BECH S. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances (GF/3100-98-07)[R]. Geneva, Switzerland: UNEP, 2003: 125-158. [34] 周文敏, 傅徳黔, 孙宗光. 水中优先控制污染物黑名单[J]. 中国环境监测, 1990, 6(4): 1-3. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-IAOB199004000.htm [35] IARC. Monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans, agents classified by the IARC monographs, Volumes 1-127[EB/OL]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020-06-26[2020-06-27]. https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc. [36] US EPA. Methodology for deriving ambient water quality criteria for the protection of human health (2000), technical support document volume 2: development of national bioaccumulation factors[R]. Washington DC: Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003. [37] STOW C A, JACKSON L J, AMRHEIN J F. An examination of the PCB: lipid relationship among individual fish[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1997, 54: 1031-1038. doi: 10.1139/f97-014 [38] BLIGH E G, DYER W J. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification[J]. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 1959, 37: 911-917. doi: 10.1139/o59-099 [39] Standard Methods Committee. 5310 total organic carbon (TOC), standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edition[S]. Washington DC: Standard Methods Committee, 2000. [40] 环境保护部. HJ 501-2009水质总有机碳的测定燃烧氧化-非分散红外吸收法[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2009. [41] 国家卫生和计划生育委员会, 国家食品药品监督管理总局. GB 5009.6-2016食品安全国家标准食品中脂肪的测定[S]. 北京: 标准出版社, 2017. [42] ZHANG G, PAN Z, WANG X, et al. Distribution and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the food web of Nansi Lake, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2015, 187: 173. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-4362-4 [43] US EPA. Guidelines for health risk of chemical mixtures[R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 1986. [44] US EPA. Update of human health ambient water quality criteria: benzo(a)pyrene 50-32-8, EPA 820-R-15-012[R]. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 2015. [45] US EPA. Update of human health ambient water quality criteria: dibenzo(a, h)anthracene 53-70-3, EPA 820-R-15-032[R]. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, 2015. [46] US EPA. National recommended water quality criteria-human health criteria table[EB/OL]. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2020-02-10[2020-06-23]. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/national-recommended-water-quality-criteria-human-health-criteria-table. [47] 中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. GB 5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2007. [48] US EPA. 2018 Edition of the drinking water standards and health advisories tables, EPA 822-F-18-001[R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018. [49] Council of the European Union. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption[J]. Official Journal of the European Communities, 1998, 330: 32-54. http://www.researchgate.net/publication/290483397_Council_Directive_9883EC_of_3_November_1998_on_the_quality_of_water_intended_for_human_consumption [50] WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. [51] CSKT. Surface water quality standards and antidegradation policy[R]. Pablo: Environmental Protection Division, 2006. -
点击查看大图
图(1) / 表(4)
计量
- 文章访问数: 367
- HTML全文浏览量: 115
- PDF下载量: 138
- 被引次数: 0
