Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Three Gorges Water Level Fluctuation Zone in Last Decade
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摘要: 消落带是位于水陆交错带的一种特殊生态系统.消落带土壤作为生态系统中氮、磷元素重要的“源”与“汇”，在生物地球化学循环研究中具有重要意义.该研究基于中国知网CNKI以及Web of Science数据库检索近10年三峡消落带土壤氮、磷研究文献，提取w（TN）、w（TP）数据并进行统计，从宏观尺度上分析w（TN）、w（TP）的时空分布特征.结果表明：①高程分布上，当高程高于155 m时，土壤w（TN）（0.75~1.17 g/kg）随着高程增加呈下降趋势，土壤w（TP）未发生显著变化（0.53~0.60 g/kg）；当高程低于155 m时，土壤w（TN）处于较低水平（0.66~0.86 g/kg），但w（TP）维持较高水平（0.60~0.76 g/kg）.②时间分布上，消落带土壤w（TN）整体呈现逐年递减的趋势，Pearson相关系数为-0.64，但是w（TP）没有显著变化.③地区分布上，三峡上游库区消落带土壤w（TP）出现显著高值，下游库区w（TN）出现显著高值.研究显示：不同高程土壤受植物残体分解等因素影响，在落干期w（TN）上升，在浸没期向上覆水体释放TN；水位调节导致的淹没强度变化对消落带土壤中TN产生淋溶作用，而对TP的影响较小；对于消落带上游地区应更关注土壤中高w（TP）带来的环境风险，而对于消落带下游地区应更关注因水土流失和非点源输出导致的高w（TN）所致环境风险.Abstract: The water level fluctuation zone is a special ecosystem located in the interlaced zone of water and land. As an important 'source' and 'sink' of nitrogen and phosphorus in the ecosystem, the soil in the water level fluctuation zone is of great significance in the study of biogeochemical cycles. Database of CNKI and Web of Science were used to search the relevant references on soil nitrogen and phosphorus in the Three Gorges water level fluctuation zone in the past 10 years. The research extracts w(TN) and w(TP) data from it, and analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of w(TN) and w(TP) on a macro scale. The results show that: (1) In terms of elevation distribution, when the elevation is higher than 155 m, the soil w(TN) (0.75-1.17 g/kg) shows a downward trend as the elevation increases, and the soil w(TP) does not change significantly (0.53-0.60 g/kg). When the elevation is lower than 155 m, the soil w(TN) is at a low level (0.66-0.86 g/kg), but the w(TP) maintains a high level (0.60-0.76 g/kg). (2) In terms of temporal distribution, the soil w(TN) of the water level fluctuation zone showed a decreasing trend year by year. The Pearson correlation coefficient was -0.64, but w(TP) did not change significantly. (3) In terms of spatial distribution, the soil w(TP) in the water level fluctuation zone of the upper reaches of the Three Gorges Reservoir has a significant high value, and the lower reaches of the reservoir area has a significant high value of w(TN). The research shows that the w(TN) of the water level fluctuation zone soil increase during the dry period and can leach to the overlying water body during the immersion period due to the decomposition of plant residues; The change of submergence intensity caused by the adjustment of water level has a leaching effect on TN, but has little effect on TP; Attention should be paid to the environmental risks caused by high w(TP) in the soil of the upstream area, as well as environmental risks caused by soil erosion and non-point source output with high w(TN) in the downstream area.
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Key words:
- Three Gorges Reservoir Area /
- water level fluctuation zone /
- nitrogen /
- phosphorus
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图 1 三峡初期蓄水(2006年)和运行稳定后(2018年)水文情况
Figure 1. Hydrological situation of the Three Gorges at the initial stage of water storage (in 2006) and after its stable operation (in 2018)
图 3 不同高程、年份、地区间消落带土壤w(TN)差异
注：不同的小写字母表示不同组间具有显著性差异. 图 3(B)中圆点为平均值，实线为线性拟合结果(y=-0.044x+89.657，R2=0.344)，虚线为拟合结果95%置信区间.
Figure 3. Change of soil total nitrogen content in the water level fluctuation zone among different elevations, years and districts
图 4 不同高程、年份、地区间消落带土壤w(TP)差异
注：不同的小写字母表示不同组间具有显著性差异. 图 4(B)中圆点为平均值，实线为线性拟合结果(y=-0.004x+7.764，R2=0.106)，虚线为拟合结果95%置信区间.
Figure 4. Change of soil total phosphorus content in the water level fluctuation zone among different elevations, years and districts
表 1 参考文献数据信息整理
Table 1. Collation of reference data information
序号 地点 采样时间 采样高程/m 数据量/个 数据来源 1 巫山县 2007年 150~175 12 文献[8] 2 云阳县、开州区 2008年 145~175 24 文献[17] 3 云阳县、开州区 2009年 145~175 26 文献[18] 4 秭归县 2009年 145~175 22 文献[19] 5 重庆主城区、涪陵区、丰都县、忠县、万州区、巫山县、云阳县、开州区 2010年 155~180 2 文献[9] 6 涪陵区、忠县、云阳县、开州区 2011年 150~180 12 文献[20] 7 忠县 2012年 160~170 3 文献[21] 8 云阳县、开州区 2013年 145~170 4 文献[22] 9 万州区、丰都县 2014年 150~180 9 文献[23] 10 云阳县、开州区 2014年 150~180 8 文献[24] 11 云阳县、开州区 2014年 155~175 3 文献[25] 12 云阳县、开州区 2014年 155~170 24 文献[26] 13 云阳县、开州区 2015年 150~170 3 文献[16] 14 云阳县、开州区 2015年 160~180 12 文献[27] 15 忠县 2015年 140~180 15 文献[28] 16 万州区 2015年 145~175 24 文献[29] 17 忠县 2016年 165~175 4 文献[30] 18 秭归县 2016年 145~180 7 文献[31] 19 忠县 2016年 150~170 6 文献[32] 20 忠县 2016年 165~175 3 文献[33] 21 涪陵区 2016年 150~170 4 文献[34] 22 涪陵区、丰都县、忠县、万州区、云阳县、开州区 2017年 140~190 6 文献[35] 23 秭归县、巫山县 2008年、2009年 145~172 24 文献[36] 24 秭归县 2008年、2009年、2012年 156~172 18 文献[37] 25 秭归县 2008年、2009年、2013年 145~185 18 文献[38] 26 重庆主城区、涪陵区、丰都县、忠县、万州区、云阳县、开州区、巫山县 2010年、2011年 145~175 73 文献[39] 27 重庆主城区、涪陵区、丰都县、忠县、云阳县、开州区、巫山县 2010年、2011年 145~175 84 文献[40] 28 秭归县 2011年、2012年 145~185 8 文献[41] 29 云阳县、开州区 2013年、2014年、2015年 150~175 4 文献[42] 30 忠县、开州区、重庆主城区、万州区 2014年、2016年 170~180 24 文献[43] 31 云阳县、开州区 2016年、2017年 140~180 31 文献[44] 32 涪陵区、丰都县、忠县、万州区、云阳县、开州区、巫山县 2012年 150~170 19 文献[45] 
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