Experimental Study and Verification of Non-Point Source Pollution from Paddy Fields with Multiple Runoff Outlets
-
摘要: 为验证一种水稻田非点源污染原位观测方法的准确性和适应性，以北京市上庄镇某试验水稻田为例，应用原位观测方法分别在水稻田进水口附近（4#观测点）和出水口附近（2#观测点）安装水位计观测稻田水深，利用同步观测的降雨数据以及田内5个采样点定期采集的水质数据，进行非点源污染试验研究，探究基于同一块水稻田不同位置的水深观测数据是否对该方法的应用产生影响.结果表明：①晒田期间，由于4#观测点处于相对低洼的位置，其水深数据显示4 d的无水期，与实际晒田时间相符，而2#观测点水深数据显示10 d无水.②基于2#、4#观测点水深数据得到总蒸散发和渗漏损失、总径流量以及灌溉量的相对偏差分别为1.3%、1.0%、1.8%；应用原位观测方法估算出该水稻田的灌溉量在2 620~2 710 m3之间.③基于2#、4#观测点水深得到的TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TP、CODCr输出系数的相对偏差在0.8%~8.0%之间.研究显示：水位计安装位置对原位观测方法应用的影响不大，且主要体现在晒田期的水深观测，建议将水位计安装在稻田相对低洼处，以确保能够完整地监测水稻生长季的水深变化；应用该方法能准确识别水稻田的径流量和灌溉量，对具有多个径流出口的水稻田非点源污染试验具有较好的准确性和适应性.Abstract: In order to evaluate the accuracy and adaptability of an in-situ observation method for non-point source pollution (NPS) in paddy fields, a paddy field in Shangzhuang Town of Beijing City was chosen for NPS pollution experiments, and two water level gauges were installed near the water inlet (4# observation point) and outlet (2# observation point) of the paddy field to observe the water depth. Combining the rainfall and observed surface water quality data, and using in-situ observation method, the NPS pollution loads in the effluent of the paddy field were calculated. Then explore whether the data of water depth at different locations in the same paddy field have an impact on the application of this method. The results showed that 4# observation point was located at a lower position compared with 2# observation point. According to 4# observation point, there were 4 days of dry field in the drying paddy field period, which was consistent with the actual drying paddy field period, and there was a dry period of 10 days based on 2# observation point. The relative deviation of the evaporation and infiltration loss, runoff, and irrigation based on the two observation points was 1.3%, 1.0% and 1.8% respectively. The in-situ observation method was used to estimate the irrigation amount of the paddy field between 2620 m3 and 2710 m3. The relative deviation of the NPS pollution of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) was between 0.8% and 8.0%. This indicated that the installation position of the water level gauge has little influence on the application of the in-situ observation method, and it is mainly reflected in the water depth observation during the field drying period. It is recommended to install the water level gauges in low-lying areas of paddy fields, so that the variation of water depth can be monitored throughout the whole rice-growing season. The method can accurately identify the runoff and irrigation volume of paddy fields, and can be applied for accurate and reliable NPS analyses in paddy fields with multiple runoff outlets.
-
图 1 试验水稻田示意及水量平衡组分
Figure 1. Schematic diagram and water balance components of the study paddy field
图 2 2#、4#观测点水深及降雨量变化
Figure 2. Water depth and precipitation hydrograph of the observation points 2# and 4#
图 3 不同生长时期内2#、4#观测点EF变化过程
Figure 3. EF hydrograph the observation points 2# and 4# in different growing period
图 4 水稻田田面水CODCr、TN、TP、NH4+-N、NO3--N浓度的变化
Figure 4. Surface water concentration CODCr, TN, TP, NH4+-N and NO3--N of the paddy field
图 5 2#、4#观测点的0.5 h、日尺度的水深变化
Figure 5. variation of water depth in half an hour and in a day of the observation points 2# and 4#
图 6 不同采样点污染物浓度比较
Figure 6. Comparison of pollutant concentrations at different sampling points
表 1 基于2#、4#观测点水深的水稻田出流估计
Table 1. Calculation of runoff outflow based on water depth of the observation points 2# and 4#
场次 时间 Pi/mm 2#观测点 4#观测点 径流类型 (Hi+1-Hi)/mm EFi/mm Rout, i/mm (Hi+1-Hi)/mm EFi/mm Rout, i/mm 1 6月6—7日 22.6 -7.1 6.3 17.1 -9.0 6.9 17.8 降雨径流 2 6月13—14日 12.1 -6.2 6.1 6.2 -5.3 7.0 3.4 降雨径流 3 6月20日 5.5 -3.6 5.5 3.6 -3.5 6.6 2.5 降雨径流 4 7月5日 0.0 -15.0 7.9 7.1 -15.3 7.9 8.2 灌溉回归 5 7月16—19日 43.4 -13.8 5.6 9.9 -37.3 6.6 17.4 降雨径流 6 7月24—26日 0.0 -64.5 7.8 41.2 -58.3 7.3 36.4 人工排水 7 7月30—31日 40.0 -42.7 8.9 25.1 -43.6 9.3 25.1 降雨径流 8 8月8日 0.0 -18.2 7.5 10.7 -18.5 8.5 10.0 灌溉回归 9 8月10—12日 22.0 -32.8 7.0 14.6 -33.4 7.5 12.0 降雨径流 10 8月19日 0.0 -14.2 7.5 6.7 -14.1 7.4 6.7 灌溉回归 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 水稻田水量收支平衡
Table 2. Water balance based on water depth variation of the observation points 2# and 4#
mm 观测点 P Rin H1 EF Rout Qin Qout 2# 208.3 541.9 70 678 142.2 820.2 820.2 4# 208.3 523.2 104 696 139.5 835.9 835.9 注：H1表示试验水稻田从开始水深观测之前水稻田中的初始水量；Qin表示试验田在开始水深观测到结束观测之间总获得的水量，为P、Rin、H1之和；Qout表示试验水稻田在开始水深观测到结束观测之间总损失的水量，为EF、Rout之和.
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 部分水稻田污染物输出系数对比
Table 3. Comparison of pollution export coEFficients of some studied paddy field
年份 研究区 输出系数/(kg/hm2) 数据来源 TN TP NH4+-N NO3--N 2018 上海市奉贤区 4.61 0.44 1.5 0.37 文献[31] 2015 上海市青浦农业园区 23.91 2.67 — — 文献[30] 2012 北京市海淀区上庄镇 8.8 0.47 — — 文献[21] 2011 海河流域 4.77 2.08 — — 文献[33] 2006 韩国索罗流域 3.9 0.77 — — 文献[34] 2014 北京市海淀区上庄镇 6.03 0.37 1.54 0.40 该研究 2#观测点 2014 北京市海淀区上庄镇 7.08 0.39 1.80 0.43 该研究 4#观测点
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 刘贵富, 陈明江, 李明, 等.水稻育种行业创新进展[J].植物遗传资源学报, 2018, 19(3):416-429. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zwyczyxb201803006LIU Guifu, CHEN Mingjiang, LI Ming, et al.Advances and innovation of rice breeding[J].Journal of Plant Genetic Resources, 2018, 19(3):416-429. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zwyczyxb201803006 [2] CARPENTER S R, CARACO N F, CORRELL D L, et al.Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen[J].Ecological Applications, 1998, 8(3):559-568. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2 [3] PAPADAKIS E, TSABOULA A, VRYZAS Z, et al.Pesticides in the rivers and streams of two river basins in northern Greece[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 624:732-743. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.074 [4] 郝韶楠, 李叙勇, 杜新忠, 等.平原灌区农田养分非点源污染研究进展[J].生态环境学报, 2015, 24(7):1235-1244. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=tryhj201507024HAO Shaonan, LI Xuyong, DU Xinzhong, et al.A review on non-point source nutrient pollution of irrigation plain areas[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015, 24(7):1235-1244. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=tryhj201507024 [5] SIMS J T, SIMARD R R, JOERN B C.Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage:historical perspective and current research[J].Journal of Environmental Quality, 1998, 27(2):277-293. http://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq/abstracts/27/2/JEQ0270020277 [6] RAJAEI F, SARI A E, SALAMANMAHINY A, et al.Surface drainage nitrate loading estimate from agriculture fields and its relationship with landscape metrics in Tajan Watershed[J].Paddy and Water Environment, 2017, 15(3):541-552. doi: 10.1007/s10333-016-0570-y [7] LIU Wenzhi, ZHANG Quanfa, LIU Guihua.Lake eutrophication associated with geographic location, lake morphology and climate in China[J].Hydrobiologia, 2010, 644(1):289-299. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0151-9 [8] 王少丽.基于水环境保护的农田排水研究新进展[J].水利学报, 2010, 41(6):697-702. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=slxb201006011WANG Shaoli.Advancement of study on farmland drainage technology based on water environment protection[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2010, 41(6):697-702. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=slxb201006011 [9] JEON J, YOON C G, HAM J, et al.Model development for nutrient loading estimates from paddy rice fields in Korea[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2004, 39(5/6):845-860. [10] WANG Jinliang, CHEN Chenglong, NI Jiupai, et al.Assessing effects of 'source-sink' landscape on non-point source pollution based on cell units of a small agricultural catchment[J].Journal of Mountain Science, 2019, 16(9):2048-2062. doi: 10.1007/s11629-018-5268-8 [11] OCKENDEN M C, DEASY C, QUINTON J N, et al.Evaluation of field wetlands for mitigation of diffuse pollution from agriculture:sediment retention, cost and effectiveness[J].Environmental Science & Policy, 2012, 24:110-119. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901112000779 [12] TIAN Yuhua, YIN Bin, YANG Linzhang, et al.Nitrogen runoff and leaching losses during rice-wheat rotations in Taihu Lake region, China[J].Pedosphere, 2007, 17(4):445-456. doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(07)60054-X [13] 朱坚, 纪雄辉, 田发祥, 等.秸秆还田对双季稻产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].环境科学研究, 2016, 29(11):1626-1634. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20161108&flag=1ZHU Jian, JI Xionghui, TIAN Faxiang, et al.Effects of straw-returning on double cropping rice yield and runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy fields[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 29(11):1626-1634. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20161108&flag=1 [14] 胡梦甜, 韩永伟, 尚洪磊, 等.3种水稻种植模式的减氮效应和经济性评估[J].环境科学研究, 2018, 31(3):577-584. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20180321&flag=1HU Mengtian, HAN Yongwei, SHANG Honglei, et al.Economic evaluation and nitrogen reduction effects of three rice planting patterns[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2018, 31(3):577-584. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20180321&flag=1 [15] 陈育超, 李阳, 于海明, 等.太湖地区典型降雨水稻田径流污染物输出特点及相关性分析[J].环境工程学报, 2016, 10(1):137-144. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjwrzljsysb201601022CHAN Yuchao, LI Yang, YU Haiming, et al.Analysis of output characteristics and interrelationship of pollutants from typical rainfall runoff of rice fields in Taihu Lake region[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(1):137-144. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjwrzljsysb201601022 [16] HUANG Ningbo, SU Baolin, LI Ruirui, et al.A field-scale observation method for non-point source pollution of paddy fields[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2014, 146:305-313. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2014.09.004 [17] 王静, 郭熙盛, 王允青, 等.保护性耕作与平衡施肥对巢湖流域稻田氮素径流损失及水稻产量的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(6):1164-1171. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201006023WANG Jing, GUO Xisheng, WANG Yunqing, et al.Effects of conservation tillage and balanced fertilization on nitrogen loss from paddy field and rice yields in Chaohu Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(6):1164-1171. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201006023 [18] PHONG T K, NUYEN M H T, KOMANY S, et al.Alternative water management for controlling simetryn and thiobencarb runoff from paddy fields[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2006, 77(3):375-382. doi: 10.1007/s00128-006-1076-x [19] 周静雯, 苏保林, 黄宁波, 等.不同灌溉模式下水稻田径流污染试验研究[J].环境科学, 2016, 37(3):963-969. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkx201603025ZHOU Jingwen, SU Baolin, HUANG Ningbo, et al.Runoff pollution experiments of paddy fields under different irrigation patterns[J].Environmental Science, 2016, 37(3):963-969. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkx201603025 [20] 徐云强, 苏保林, 王红旗, 等.太湖流域直播水稻田水量平衡分析与径流污染负荷研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2019, 38(4):892-902. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201904021XU Yunqiang, SU Baolin, WANG Hongqi, et al.Analysis of water balance and runoff pollution in a paddy field with direct seeding cultivation in-situ in the Taihu Lake Basin, China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2019, 38(4):892-902. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201904021 [21] 周静雯, 苏保林, 黄宁波, 等.水稻田非点源污染原位试验研究[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(4):1145-1152. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkxxb201604003ZHOU Jingwen, SU Baolin, HUANG Ningbo, et al.In situ experiment on non-point source pollution in paddy fields[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016, 36(4):1145-1152. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=hjkxxb201604003 [22] 国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2002. [23] 宋亚新, 张发旺, 荆恩春.种植条件下降雨灌溉入渗试验研究[J].地球学报, 2008, 29(4):510-516. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqxb200804014SONG Yaxin, ZHANG Fawang, JING Enchun.Experimental research on rainfall and infiltration under the condition of planting[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica, 2008, 29(4):510-516. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=dqxb200804014 [24] 姜萍, 袁永坤, 朱日恒, 等.节水灌溉条件下稻田氮素径流与渗漏流失特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(8):1592-1596. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201308015JIANG Ping, YUAN Yongkun, ZHU Riheng, et al.Study on the nitrogen loss from paddy fields on different water management[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(8):1592-1596. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201308015 [25] XU Yunqiang, SU Baolin, WANG Hongqi, et al.A new method for indirectly estimating infiltration of paddy fields in situ[J].Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 2018, 379:205-210. doi: 10.5194/piahs-379-205-2018 [26] 张刚, 王德建, 陈效民.稻田化肥减量施用的环境效应[J].中国生态农业学报, 2008, 16(2):327-330. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stnyyj200802012ZHANG Gang, WANG Dejian, CHAN Xiaomin.Effects of reduced fertilizer application on environmental quality of paddy field[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2008, 16(2):327-330. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=stnyyj200802012 [27] 蔡佳佩, 朱坚, 彭华, 等.有机肥施用对田面水氮磷流失风险的影响[J].环境科学研究, 2020, 33(1):210-217. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200125&flag=1CAI Jiapei, ZHU Jian, PENG Hua, et al.Effects of organic fertilizer on the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss in soil surface water[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020, 33(1):210-217. http://www.hjkxyj.org.cn/hjkxyj/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=20200125&flag=1 [28] QIAO Jun, YANG Linzhang, YAN Tingmei, et al.Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in rice production for two consecutive years in the Taihu Lake area[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2012, 146(1):103-112. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=05fc4d5c2f579866ce8976ed56c880f1 [29] 许怡, 吴永祥, 王高旭, 等.小区和田块尺度下水稻不同灌溉模式的节水减污效应分析[J].灌溉排水学报, 2019, 38(5):60-66. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ggps201905009XU Yi, WU Yongxiang, WANG Gaoxu, et al.Impact of irrigation methods on saving water and alleviating pollutant at different scales in paddy field[J].Joumal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2019, 38(5):60-66. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ggps201905009 [30] 张翼, 岳玉波, 赵峥, 等.不同施肥方式下稻田氮磷流失特征[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版), 2015, 33(1):1-7. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/shnxyxb201501001ZHANG Yi, YUE Yubo, ZHAO Zheng, et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy field with different fertilizer application[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Agricultural Science), 2015, 33(1):1-7. http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/shnxyxb201501001 [31] CUI N, CAI M, ZHANG X, et al.Runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from a rice paddy field in the east of China:effects of long-term chemical N fertilizer and organic manure applications[J].Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020, 22:e1011. [32] 晏维金, 尹澄清, 孙濮, 等.磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程[J].应用生态学报, 1999, 10(3):57-61. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=yystxb199903015 [33] 陈颖, 赵磊, 杨勇, 等.海河流域水稻田氮磷地表径流流失特征初探[J].农业环境科学学报, 2011, 30(2):328-333. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201102018CHEN Ying, ZHAO Lei, YANG Yong, et al.Preliminary study on characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from rice fields in Hai River Basin, China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2011, 30(2):328-333. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=nyhjbh201102018 [34] KIM J S, OH S Y, OH K Y.Nutrient runoff from a Korean rice paddy watershed during multiple storm events in the growing season[J].Journal of Hydrology, 2006, 327(1/2):128-139. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=f2cbd467cbb7bfeebc0afea49431b09b [35] RAUL S K, MAKWANA P J, DABHI H M, et al.Performance of irrigated agriculture in the Panam irrigation project of Gujarat[J].Agricultural Research, 2020.doi: 10.1007/s40003-019-00450-6. [36] TSUCHIYA R, KATO T, JEONG J, et al.Development of SWAT-paddy for simulating lowland paddy fields[J].Sustainability, 2018.doi: 10.3390/su10093246. [37] ZHANG Yongyong, WU Pute, ZHAO Xinxing, et al.Evaluation and modelling of furrow infiltration for uncropped ridge-furrow tillage in Loess Plateau soils[J].Soil Research, 2012, 50(5):360-370. doi: 10.1071/SR12061 [38] 王丽娟, 杨扬, 郑娟娟, 等.施肥对北京山区农田地表氮磷流失的影响:以密云水库流域为例[J].中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(1):97-104. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/87068X/201701/671493589.htmlWANG Lijuan, YANG Yang, ZHENG Juanjuan, et al.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorous losses from cropland in Beijing mountainous area[J]Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 15(1):97-104. http://www.cqvip.com/QK/87068X/201701/671493589.html [39] HOU Xikang, ZHOU Feng, LEIP A, et al.Spatial patterns of nitrogen runoff from Chinese paddy fields[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2016, 231:246-254. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=52b746e54206264f9f07636b44948b7f -
点击查看大图
图(6) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 736
- HTML全文浏览量: 27
- PDF下载量: 272
- 被引次数: 0
