我国农村生活污水污染排放及环境治理效率

王俊能; 赵学涛; 蔡楠; 陈敏敏; 汪浩

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.11.08

我国农村生活污水污染排放及环境治理效率

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.11.08

王俊能^1,,
赵学涛²,
蔡楠^1, ,,
陈敏敏³,
汪浩¹

1.
生态环境部华南环境科学研究所, 广东广州 510530
2.
生态环境部环境规划院, 北京 100012
3.
中国环境监测总站, 北京 100012

基金项目:

第二次全国污染源普查项目 144028000000175027

详细信息

作者简介:
王俊能(1984-), 男, 广东揭阳人, 高级工程师, 博士, 主要从事水环境科学研究, wangjunneng@scies.org

通讯作者:
蔡楠(1966-), 女, 广东汕头人, 研究员, 硕士, 主要从事环境监测研究, cainan@scies.org

中图分类号: X323;F323
计量
- 文章访问数: 1510
- HTML全文浏览量: 385
- PDF下载量: 391
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-10
- 修回日期: 2020-10-31
- 刊出日期: 2020-12-25

Pollution Discharge and Environmental Treatment Efficiency of Rural Domestic Sewage in China

1.
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
2.
Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
3.
China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China

Funds:

Second National Census on Pollution Sources, China 144028000000175027

摘要

摘要: 当前我国农村生活污水治理形势依然严峻.利用第二次全国污染源普查成果，分析了我国2017年农村生活污水排放情况，并基于熵值法和数据包络分析（DEA）模型从技术效率、经济效率两个角度对治理效率进行评价.结果表明：①我国农村生活污水中COD排放量约占生活源排放总量的50.8%，NH₃-N、TN和TP排放量分别占生活源排放总量的35.0%、30.5%、38.7%，污水及污染物排放去向以直排入水体、直排入农田和其他途径为主，三者占80%以上.②我国沿海用水量较大地区的水冲式厕所比例超过80%，且农村生活污水有效治理比例仅为11.0%，导致我国农村生活污水治理的技术效率仅为8.6%，且区域差异较大，其中有23个省份小于10%，技术效率普遍较低.③相比浙江省、上海市、山西省、内蒙古自治区、青海省、西藏自治区等地（经济效率均为1），我国其他省份农村生活污水治理的经济效率有很大改善空间.农村生活污水中人均COD排放强度、人均NH₃-N排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）均呈一定的倒“U”型关系，人均TN排放强度、人均TP排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的EKC则均呈“N”型特征，有波动上升趋势.研究显示，我国农村生活污水治理效率存在较大的提升空间，与城镇相比，农村的环境保护基础设施建设还比较落后，应以源头减量、分类处理、循环利用为导向，加强统筹规划，梯次推进，加快提升我国农村污水治理水平.
- 治理效率 /
- 数据包络分析(DEA) /
- 熵值法 /
- 环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC) /
- 农村生活污水
Abstract: At present, the situation of rural domestic sewage treatment in China is still severe. Based on the results of the second national census on pollution sources, the situation of rural domestic sewage discharge in 2017 was analyzed and the technical efficiency and economic efficiency of rural domestic sewage pollutant treatment were evaluated with the entropy method and data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The results showed that COD discharge of rural domestic sewage accounted for 50.8% of the total domestic sewage discharge, while NH₃-N, TN and TP accounted for 35.0%, 30.5% and 38.7% respectively. More than 80% of the pollutants were discharged directly into water bodies, farmland and other ways. Because the effective treatment ratio of rural domestic sewage was only 11.0%, and the areas with more than 80% of flush toilets were mainly located in the coastal areas with high water consumption, the average technical efficiency of rural domestic sewage treatment in China was only 8.6%, and the regional differences among provinces were significant, of which 23 provinces were less than 10%, and the technical efficiency was generally low. Compared with Zhejiang Province, Shanghai City, Shanxi Provence, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Qinghai Provence and Tibet Autonomous Region, where economic efficiency was 1, the economic efficiency of rural domestic sewage treatment in other provinces of China still had great room for improvement. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) between the per capita pollutant discharge intensity of COD and NH₃-N in rural domestic sewage and the per capita disposable income of rural residents showed a certain inverted-U trend, while the EKC between the per capita pollutant discharge intensity of TN and TP in rural domestic sewage and the per capita disposable income of rural residents showed a N shape with a fluctuating upward trend. This study shows that there is a great potential for improving the treatment efficiency of domestic sewage in rural China. Compared with the urban areas, the rural areas still lag behind in terms of infrastructure for environmental protection, rural sewage treatment must be improved rapidly in the coming years.
- treatment efficiency /
- data envelopment analysis (DEA) /
- entropy method /
- Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) /
- rural domestic sewage

HTML全文

图 1 我国各省份农村生活污水排放情况

Figure 1. Rural domestic sewage discharge in China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 我国农村生活污水及污染物排放去向构成

Figure 2. Composition of rural domestic sewage and pollutants discharge in China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 我国各省份农村生活污水治理技术效率

Figure 3. Technical efficiency of rural domestic sewage treatment in China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 农村生活污水污染物产生强度与水冲式厕所比例的关系

Figure 4. Relationship between pollutant production intensity of rural domestic sewage and the proportion of flush toilets

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 我国各省份农村水冲式厕所比例

Figure 5. Proportion of rural flush toilets in China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 农村生活污水治理评价矩阵

Figure 6. Evaluation matrix of rural domestic sewage treatment

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 我国各省份农村生活污水治理经济效率

Figure 7. Economic efficiency of rural domestic sewage treatment in China

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 农村生活污水污染物排放强度与人均可支配收入的EKC特征

Figure 8. EKC characteristic of pollutant discharge intensity of rural domestic sewage and per capita disposable income

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 农村生活污水治理效率评价矩阵

Figure 9. Evaluation matrix for rural domestic sewage treatment efficiency

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 我国城乡生活污水污染排放情况

Table 1. Discharge of domestic sewage pollutants in urban and rural areas in China

指标	农村		城镇
指标	排放量/(10⁴ t)	去除率/%	排放量/(10⁴ t)	去除率/%
COD	499.62	8.7	483.82	66.7
NH₃-N	24.50	10.7	45.41	70.2
TN	44.65	7.9	101.87	50.9
TP	3.69	7.7	5.85	68.1

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 我国农村生活污水治理分区

Table 2. Zoning division of rural domestic sewage treatment in China

区域类型	“低收入-低排放”地区	“低收入-高排放”地区	“高收入-低排放”地区	“高收入-高排放”地区
“低旱厕-低治理”	—	江西省、湖北省、湖南省、广西壮族自治区、海南省、重庆市	—	北京市、天津市、江苏省、福建省、山东省、广东省
“低旱厕-高治理”	—	—	浙江省	上海市
“高旱厕-低治理”	河北省、山西省、内蒙古自治区、辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省、河南省、贵州省、云南省、西藏自治区、甘肃省、青海省、宁夏回族自治区	安徽省、四川省、陕西省、新疆维吾尔自治区	—	—

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(41)

[1]	CHENG Jianhua, TANG Xiangyu, LIU Chen.Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in various rural environmental media[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27(23):29191-29203.
[2]	LI Xi, LI Yuyuan, LV Dianqing, et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance and bacterial communities in a multi-stage surface flow constructed wetland treating rural domestic sewage[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 709:136235.
[3]	SHENG Xiaolin, QIU Songkai, XU Feng, et al.Management of rural domestic wastewater in a city of Yangtze Delta Region:performance and remaining challenges[J].Bioresource Technology Reports, 2020, 11:100507.
[4]	CHENG Hong, ZHANG Mingmei.Occurrence and removal of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater and rural domestic sewage treatment systems in eastern China[J].Environment International, 2013, 55:9-14.
[5]	贾小梅, 于奇, 王文懿, 等.关于"十四五"农村生活污水治理的思考[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2020, 37(5):623-626. JIA Xiaomei, YU Qi, WANG Wenyi, et al.Considerations for rural domestic sewage treatment during the '14th Five-Year Plan'[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2020, 37(5):623-626.
[6]	ZHANG Rui, ZHENG Huawei, ZHANG Hui, et al.Study on the influence of social capital on farmers' participation in rural domestic sewage treatment in Nanjing, China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(7):2479.
[7]	卢贤飞, 林常春, 陈刚亮.浙江省农村生活污水处理工程现状调研及症结剖析[J].中国给水排水, 2019, 35(18):6-9. LU Xianfei, LIN Changchun, CHEN Gangliang.Investigation on current situation of rural domestic sewage treatment projects in Zhejiang Province and analysis of its main crux[J].China Water & Wastewater, 2019, 35(18):6-9.
[8]	王敏, 许枫, 宋小燕, 等.农村生活污水处理设施优先控制区域识别与监管策略[J].中国环境科学, 2019, 39(12):5368-5376. WANG Min, XU Feng, SONG Xiaoyan, et al.Priority control area identification and supervision scheme for rural domestic sewage treatment facilities[J].China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(12):5368-5376.
[9]	王俊能, 许振成, 胡习邦, 等.基于DEA理论的中国区域环境效率分析[J].中国环境科学, 2010, 30(4):565-570. WANG Junneng, XU Zhencheng, HU Xibang, et al.Analysis of environmental efficiencies and their changes in China based on DEA theory[J].China Environmental Science, 2010, 30(4):565-570.
[10]	CHENG Panpan, JIN Qiang, JIANG Hui, et al.Efficiency assessment of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities by a slacked-based DEA model[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 267:122111.
[11]	刘浩, 何寿奎, 王娅.基于三阶段DEA和超效率SBM模型的农村环境治理效率研究[J].生态经济, 2019, 35(8):194-199. LIU Hao, HE Shoukui, WANG Ya.Research on rural environmental governance efficiency based on three-stage DEA and super efficiency SBM model[J].Ecological Economy, 2019, 35(8):194-199.
[12]	岑一峰.我国农村环境治理效率评价及影响因素分析[D].蚌埠: 安徽财经大学, 2018.
[13]	黄英, 周智, 黄娟.基于DEA的区域农村生态环境治理效率比较分析[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(3):75-80. HUANG Ying, ZHOU Zhi, HUANG Juan.The management efficiency of rural ecological environment in different regions[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(3):75-80.
[14]	曹大宇, 李谷成.我国农业环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证研究:基于联立方程模型的估计[J].软科学, 2011, 25(7):76-80. CAO Dayu, LI Gucheng.An empirical research on the agricultural Environmental Kuznets Curve in China[J].Soft Science, 2011, 25(7):76-80.
[15]	沈能, 张斌.农业增长能改善环境生产率吗?有条件"环境库兹涅茨曲线"的实证检验[J].中国农村经济, 2015(7):17-30.
[16]	KORHAN K G, NIGAR T, MOHAMAD K.Agriculture-induced Environmental Kuznets Curve:the case of China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019, 26(36):37137-37151.
[17]	WANG Yan, SHENG Neng.Agricultural environmental efficiency and agricultural Environmental Kuznets Curve based on technological gap:the case of China[J]Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2016, 25(3):1293-1304.
[18]	ZAMEER H, YASMEEN H, WANG Rong, et al.An empirical investigation of the coordinated development of natural resources, financial development and ecological efficiency in China[J].Resources Policy, 2020, 65:101580.
[19]	XIAO Qinlin, TIAN Chao, WANG Yanjun, et al.Measurement and comparison of urban haze governance level and efficiency based on the DPSIR model:a case study of 31 cities in North China[J].Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2020, 11(6):549-561.
[20]	CHARNES A, COOPER W, RHODES E.Measuring the efficiency of decision making units[J].European Journal of Operational Research, 1978, 2(6):429-444.
[21]	HAO Yu, LIU Yiming, WENG J H, et al.Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve for coal consumption in China exist? new evidence from spatial econometric analysis[J].Energy, 2016, 114:1214-1223.
[22]	SIRAG A, MATEMILOLA B T, LAW S H, et al.Does Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis exist? evidence from dynamic panel threshold[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2018, 7(2):145-165.
[23]	SAMUEL A S, VLADIMIR S.Empirical study of the Environmental Kuznets Curve and environmental sustainability curve hypothesis for Australia, China, Ghana and USA[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 201:98-110.
[24]	于法稳, 侯效敏, 郝信波.新时代农村人居环境整治的现状与对策[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2018, 51(3):64-68. YU Fawen, HOU Xiaomin, HAO Xinbo.The current situation and counter measures of rural residential environment in the new era[J].Journal of Zhengzhou University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2018, 51(3):64-68.
[25]	朱木兰, 黄永福, 李地金, 等.农村不同排污方式水质调查与治污新策略[J].水利学报, 2020, 51(2):245-252. ZHU Mulan, HUANG Yongfu, Li Dijin, et al.Water quality survey for different drainage ways of sewage and new strategy for pollution control in rural areas[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2020, 51(2):245-252.
[26]	LUO Xiang, LI Yungui, WU Qingsong, et al.Characteristics of internal ammonium loading from long-term polluted sediments by rural domestic wastewater[J].International Journal of Environmental Research And Public Health, 2019, 16(23):4657.
[27]	SONG Xiaoyan, LIU Rui, YU Qiangqiang et al.Management mode construction for operation and supervision of rural sewage treatment facilities:towards the information-to-intelligence strategy[J].Bioresource Technology Reports, 2020, 11:100481.
[28]	WANG Tao, ZHU Bo, ZHOU Minghua.Ecological ditch system for nutrient removal of rural domestic sewage in the hilly area of the central Sichuan Basin, China[J].Journal of Hydrology, 2019, 570:839-849.
[29]	沈丰菊, 张克强, 李军幸, 等.基于模糊积分模型的农村生活污水处理模式综合评价方法[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(15):272-280. SHEN Fengju, ZHANG Keqiang, LI Junxing, et al.Evaluation method for engineering technology of rural domestic sewage treatment based on fuzzy integral model[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2014, 30(15):272-280.
[30]	LOURENCO N, NUNES L M.Review of dry and wet decentralized sanitation technologies for rural areas:applicability, challenges and opportunities[J].Environmental Management, 2020, 65(5):642-664.
[31]	MARTÍNEZ-SANTOS P, MARTÍN-LOECHES M, GARCÍA-CASTRO N, et al.A survey of domestic wells and pit latrines in rural settlements of Mali:implications of on-site sanitation on the quality of water supplies[J].International Journal of Hygiene & Environmental Health, 2017, 220(7):1179-1189.
[32]	王永生, 刘彦随, 龙花楼.我国农村厕所改造的区域特征及路径探析[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2019, 36(5):553-560. WANG Yongsheng, LIU Yansui, LONG Hualou.Regional characteristics and pathway optimization of China's rural toilet improvement[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2019, 36(5):553-560.
[33]	于法稳.农村厕所革命:路在何方?[J].群言, 2019(9):11-14.
[34]	CHENG Shikun, ZHAO Mingyue, MANG H P, et al.Development and application of biogas project for domestic sewage treatment in rural China:opportunities and challenges[J].Journal of Water Sanitation & Hygiene for Development, 2017, 7(4):576-588.
[35]	RANDALL D G, NAIDOO V.Urine-the liquid gold of wastewater[J].Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6(2):2627-2635.
[36]	WALD C.The economy in the toilet[J].Nature, 2017, 549(7671):146-148.
[37]	刘浩, 何寿奎, 王娅.基于三阶段DEA和超效率SBM模型的农村环境治理效率研究[J].生态经济, 2019, 35(8):194-199. LIU Hao, HE Shoukui, WANG Ya.Research on rural environmental governance efficiency based on three-stage DEA and super efficiency SBM model[J].Ecological Economy, 2019, 35(8):194-199.
[38]	MA Lin, VELTHOF G L, WANG Fanghao, et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at regional scales in 1980 and 2005[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2012, 434:51-61.
[39]	戴红军, 孙涛.城乡一体化进程中农村生态环境污染影响因素分析:基于江苏省1990-2009年的数据[J].生态经济, 2013(11):177-181. DAI Hongjun, SUN Tao.Influencing factors analysis of ecological environmental pollution in rural areas in the process of urban-rural integration:based on statistical data of Jiangsu Province from 1990 to 2009[J].Ecological Economy, 2013(11):177-181.
[40]	童克难."十三五"水污染物总量怎么控制?[J].环境经济, 2015(19):44.
[41]	王波.县域农村生活污水治理规划编制的几点建议[N].中国环境报, 2020-08-28(003).