我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

陈敏敏; 吴琼; 张震; 邢瑜; 赵学涛

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.11.12

我国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价研究

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.11.12

陈敏敏^1,,
吴琼²,
张震¹,
邢瑜³,
赵学涛^2, ,

1.
中国环境监测总站, 国家环境保护环境监测质量控制重点实验室, 北京 100012
2.
生态环境部环境规划院, 北京 100012
3.
生态环境部华南环境科学研究所, 广东广州 510655

基金项目:

第二次全国污染源普查工业源普查报表制度及普查数据质量控制实施技术支持项目 22110399005

详细信息

作者简介:
陈敏敏(1982-), 女, 山东泰安人, 高级工程师, 硕士, 主要从事污染源监测研究, chenmm@cnemc.cn

通讯作者:
赵学涛(1975-), 男, 河南登封人, 研究员, 博士, 主要从事环境规划与政策研究, zhaoxt@caep.org.cn

中图分类号: X703
计量
- 文章访问数: 1391
- HTML全文浏览量: 71
- PDF下载量: 302
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-08-09
- 修回日期: 2020-10-16
- 刊出日期: 2020-12-25

Environmental Performance Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in China

1.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
2.
Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
3.
South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China

Funds:

Industrial Pollution Sources Statement System and Technical Measures of Census Data Quality Control in the Second National Pollution Source Census, China 22110399005

摘要

摘要: 城镇污水处理厂的运行效果直接影响工业和生活污染源的污染物排放削减控制水平，根据《城镇污水处理厂运营质量评价标准》，从污水处理厂运行、污染物削减、能源消耗和资源利用情况4个方面探讨了全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价方法，并结合第二次全国污染源普查结果，对全国城镇污水处理厂环境绩效进行了评价.结果表明：2017年全国8 550家城镇污水处理厂环境绩效平均得分为60.6分，有45.4%的城镇污水处理厂等级评价为较差，有50.9%在一般和较好等级范围内，仅有3.6%的城镇污水处理厂为良好和优秀等级.采用活性污泥法处理工艺、设计处理规模大以及位于华北、东北地区的城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效总体表现较好.59.3%、60.8%的城镇污水处理厂分别在污水处理厂运行和污染物削减情况的得分高于全国平均值，52.4%、81.6%的城镇污水处理厂在污水处理能耗和资源再生利用情况的得分均低于全国平均值.研究显示，相较于污水处理厂运行情况、污染物削减情况，全国城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效水平受能源消耗和资源利用情况的影响较大，建议从提高化学需氧量的进水浓度、实施工艺升级改造、加强再生水利用等方面入手，以提升城镇污水处理厂的环境绩效.
- 城镇污水处理厂 /
- 环境绩效 /
- 评价 /
- 指标体系
Abstract: The operation effect of municipal wastewater treatment plants affects the total pollutant discharge control level of industrial and urban pollution sources. According to the objective needs of the environmental management of municipal wastewater treatment plants, combined with Standard for Operation and Maintenance Quality Assessment of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, the environmental performance evaluation method of municipal wastewater treatment plants is established from four aspects of operation, pollutant removal, energy consumption and resource utilization. Then, quantitative evaluation of the environmental performance of the treatment plants is conducted based on the results of the Second National Pollution Source Census. The results show that the average environmental performance point of 8550 national municipal wastewater treatment plants is 60.6 in 2017, 45.4% of treatment plants are at the lowest level, 50.9% of treatment plants are in the range of normal and good grades, and only 3.6% of treatment plants are in the good and excellent range. The overall environmental performance is better when treatment plants in the northern and northeastern China adopt the activated sludge treatment processes and have larger treatment scales. 59.3% and 60.8% of treatment plants score higher than the national average in terms of operation status and pollutant removal, while 52.4% and 81.6% of treatment plants score lower in terms of energy consumption and resource utilization. Compared with the operation status and the pollutants removal, the environmental performance of municipal wastewater treatment plants is greatly affected by energy consumption and resource utilization. There is still a great potential for improvement by enhancing influent concentration of chemical oxygen demand, upgrading treatment technique and strengthening the use of renewable water resources.
- municipal wastewater treatment plant /
- environmental performance /
- assessment /
- indicator system

HTML全文

表 1 城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价指标计算方法和权重

Table 1. Calculation methods and weights of environmental performance evaluation index

评价要素	评价指标	计算方法	指标权重
污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	设备运行率(F₁₁)	D_wo/t	0.10
污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	水力负荷率(F₁₂)	$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {\frac{{{Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}}}{{{Q_{{\rm{dd}}}} \times t}}} $	0.10
污染物削减情况(F₂)	污染物削减量综合指数(F₂₁)	$\begin{array}{{20}{c}} {0.3{M_{{\rm{COD}}}} + 0.2{M_{{\rm{BOD}}}} + 0.3{M_{{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ - N}}}} + 0.1{M_{{\rm{TN}}}} + 0.1{M_{{\rm{TP}}}}}\\ {{M_{\rm{A}}} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {[({\rho _{{{\rm{A}}_{{\rm{ra}}i}}}} - \begin{array}{{20}{c}} {\rho _{{{\rm{A}}}_{{\rm{ea}}i}}) \times {Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}{\rm{]}}} \end{array}} }}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {{Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}} }}} \end{array} $	0.20
	污染物削减率综合指数(F₂₂)	$\begin{array}{{20}{c}} {0.3{E_{{\rm{COD}}}} + 0.2{E_{{\rm{BOD}}}} + 0.3{E_{{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ - N}}}} + 0.1{E_{{\rm{TN}}}} + 0.1{E_{{\rm{TP}}}}}\\ {{E_{\rm{A}}} = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {[({\rho _{{{\rm{A}}_{{\rm{ra}}i}}}} - \begin{array}{{20}{c}} {{\rho _{{{\rm{A}}_{{\rm{ea}}i}}}}) \times {Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}]} \end{array}} }}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {\left( {{\rho _{{{\rm{A}}_{{\rm{ra}}i}}}}\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { \times {Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}} \end{array}} \right)} }}} \end{array} $	0.20
	单位污水干污泥产生强度(F₂₃)	$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {{\rm{S}}{{\rm{C}}_{{\rm{da}}i}}} /\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}} \end{array}} $	0.10
污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	单位污水耗电量(F₃₁)	$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{{\rm{E}}_{{\rm{ma}}}}_i} /\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}} \end{array}} $	0.10
污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	单位耗氧污染物耗电量(F₃₂)	$ \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {({E_{{\rm{ma}}i}})} \times 1\;000}}{{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {[({\rho _{{\rm{BO}}{{\rm{D}}_{{\rm{ra}}i}}}} - } {\rho _{{\rm{BO}}{{\rm{D}}_{{\rm{ea}}i}}}}) \times {Q_{dai}}] + 3.5 \times \sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {[({\rho _{{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ - }}{{\rm{N}}_{{\rm{ra}}i}}}} - {\rho _{{\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{3}}}{\rm{ - }}{{\rm{N}}_{{\rm{ea}}i}}}}) \times {Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}]} }}$	0.10
资源再生利用情况(F₄)	污泥资源化利用率(F₄₁)	$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\left( {{\rm{S}}{{\rm{C}}_{{\rm{luma}}i}} + {\rm{S}}{{\rm{C}}_{{\rm{bmma}}i}}} \right)} /\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {\left( {{\rm{S}}{{\rm{C}}_{{\rm{da}}i}}} \right)} $	0.05
	再生水率(F₄₂)	$\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{Q_{{\rm{rwma}}i}}} /\sum\limits_{i = 1}^t {{Q_{{\rm{da}}i}}} $	0.03
	再生水利用率(F₄₃)	$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{Q_{{\rm{rwuma}}i}}} /\sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{Q_{{\rm{rwma}}i}}} $	0.02
注：D_wo为污水处理厂年运行天数; t为评价年份日历天数；Q_dai为实际日污水处理量，m³/d；Q_dd为设计日污水处理量，m³/d；M_A为A物质的削减量指数，无量纲；ρ _Arai为A物质的进水日均浓度，mg/L；ρ _Aeai为A物质的排水日均浓度，mg/L；E_A为A物质的削减率指数，无量纲；SC_dai为干污泥日实际产量，t；E_mai为月度用电量，kW ·h；m为评价年份月数；SC_lumai为用于土地利用的干污泥月实际产量，t/m；SC_bmmai为用于建筑材料的干污泥月实际产量，t/m；SC_dai为干污泥月实际产量，t/d；Q_rwmai为月度生产的再生水量，m³/m；Q_rwumai为月度的再生水使用量，m³/m.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价等级

Table 2. Grade division of environmental performance evaluation index

绩效评价得分	评价等级
90~100分	优秀
80~＜90分	良好
70~＜80分	较好
60~＜70分	一般
0~＜60分	较差

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 城镇污水处理厂环境绩效评价得分分布特征

Table 3. Fraction distributions characteristics of environmental performance evaluation index

项目	10%分位数	20%分位数	中位数	80%分位数	90%分位数	平均值
总体得分	44.2	50.4	61.6	71.9	76.1	60.6
污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	0.4	10.0	12.1	19.3	19.9	12.2
污染物削减情况(F₂)	28.4	33.4	38.8	42.4	44.4	37.4
污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	2.0	5.5	9.5	15.5	17.5	10.2
资源再生利用情况(F₄)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	4.8	0.8

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 城镇污水处理厂不同处理工艺的环境绩效评价

Table 4. Environmental performance evaluation analysis in different wastewater treatment process

处理工艺	污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	污染物削减情况(F₂)	污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	资源再生利用情况(F₄)	绩效评价得分
A²/O工艺	12.4	37.9	9.6	0.7	60.6
普通活性污泥法	12.9	38.2	11.1	0.6	62.8
氧化沟类	14.3	37.8	9.0	0.6	61.8
A/O工艺	11.3	37.6	10.7	0.7	60.3
人工湿地	11.0	35.3	12.0	0.8	59.1
SBR类	13.3	38.1	11.2	0.5	63.2
生物接触氧化法	10.4	35.1	10.3	0.9	56.8
MBR类	9.0	36.4	9.3	1.2	55.9
生物滤池	11.0	37.4	10.0	0.8	59.1
生物转盘	8.9	35.1	12.1	1.0	57.2

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 城镇污水处理厂不同规模的环境绩效评价

Table 5. Environmental performance evaluation in different designed treatment capacity

设计处理规模/ (10⁴ m³/d)	污水处理厂数量/个	污水实际处理量/ (10⁸ m³)	污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	污染物削减情况(F₂)	污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	资源再生利用情况(F₄)	绩效评价得分
＜1	4 566	16.5	10.5	36.1	10.6	0.8	57.9
1~10	3 441	265.1	13.9	38.6	9.5	0.7	62.7
10~20	370	128.4	16.3	40.7	11.4	1.0	69.5
20~50	143	111.4	17.1	41.5	11.2	1.1	70.9
≥50	30	74.3	18.2	42.3	10.0	1.8	72.3

下载: 导出CSV

表 6 城镇污水处理厂不同地区环境绩效评价结果

Table 6. Environmental performance evaluation in different regions

地区	进水浓度平均值/(mg/L)		污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	污染物削减情况(F₂)	污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	资源再生利用情况(F₄)	绩效评价得分
地区	化学需氧量	氨氮	污水处理厂运行情况(F₁)	污染物削减情况(F₂)	污水处理能耗情况(F₃)	资源再生利用情况(F₄)	绩效评价得分
东北	246.3	26.4	11.9	38.8	10.4	0.5	61.7
华北	276.6	32.7	12.9	41.4	7.3	1.3	62.8
华东	197.0	21.1	13.2	37.2	9.6	0.8	60.9
华南	135.4	15.9	13.1	34.8	10.2	0.7	58.7
华中	173.2	19.4	12.8	36.4	10.6	0.7	60.6
西北	275.1	33.7	11.5	37.9	9.6	0.6	59.5
西南	193.1	24.8	10.9	37.3	11.6	0.7	60.5

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(34)

[1]	褚俊英, 陈吉宁, 邹骥, 等.城市污水处理厂的规模与效率研究[J].中国给水排水, 2004(5):35-38. CHU Junying, CHEN Jining, ZOU Ji, et al.Research on the scale and efficiency on municipal sewage treatment plants[J].China Water & Wastewater, 2004(5):35-38.
[2]	魏亮, 陈滢, 刘敏, 等.城镇污水处理厂的综合绩效评价[J].环境工程学报, 2016, 10(1):490-494. WEI Liang, CHEN Ying, LIU Min, et al.Comprehensive performance evaluation of municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(1):490-494.
[3]	环境保护部, 国家统计局, 农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[R/OL].北京: 中华人民共和国中央人民政府, 2010-02-06[2020-07-31].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-02/10/content_1532174.htm.
[4]	生态环境部, 国家统计局, 农业农村部.第二次全国污染源普查公报[R/OL].北京: 生态环境部, 2020-06-09[2020-07-31].http://www.mee.gov.cn/xxgk2018/xxgk/xxgk01/202006/t20200610_783547.html.
[5]	杨敏, 谷声文, 吴鹏, 等.基于水质水量的城镇污水处理厂工艺运行稳定性研究[J].环境污染与防治, 2015, 37(7):46-49. YANG Min, GU Shengwen, WU Peng, et al.Analysis of the operation stability of processes in wastewater treatment plants based on statistical distribution attributes of influent quality and quantity[J].Environmental Pollution & Control, 2015, 37(7):46-49.
[6]	张鹤清, 朱帅, 吴振军, 等.城镇污水处理厂"准Ⅳ类"标准提标改造技术简析[J].环境工程, 2019, 37(6):26-30. ZHANG Heqing, ZHU Shuai, WU Zhenjun, et al.Analysis of 'quasi-category Ⅳ' standard upgrading and reconstruction technology for municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Engineering, 2019, 37(6):26-30.
[7]	MERKEL W.International report: performance assessment in the water industry[R].Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2002, 2(4): 151-162.
[8]	BENEDETTI L, DIRCKX G, BIXIO C, et al.Environmental and economic performance assessment of the integrated urban wastewater system[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2008, 88(4):1262-1272.
[9]	GERNAEY K V, JEPPSSON U L F, VANROLLEGHEM P A, et al.Benchmarking of control strategies for wastewater treatment plants[M].London:IWA Task Group on Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2014.
[10]	MATOS R, CARDOSO A, ASHLEY R, et al.Performance indicators for wastewater services[M].Valencia:Instituto Tecnologico del Agua(ITA), 2003.
[11]	杨凌波, 葛勇涛, 谢继荣, 等.基于节能降耗的污水处理厂绩效评估体系研究[J].给水排水, 2009, 45(S1):222-226. YANG Lingbo, GE Yongtao, XIE Jirong, et al.Study on performance assessment system of energy conservation and reduced consumption in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2009, 45(S1):222-226.
[12]	石教娟.基于节能减排的污水处理厂绩效评估体系的研究[D].广州: 暨南大学, 2013.
[13]	宋国君, 韩冬梅.中国城市生活污水管理绩效评估研究[J].中国软科学, 2012(8):75-83. SONG Guojun, HAN Dongmei.Research on the performance evaluation of urban domestic sewage management in China[J].China Soft Science, 2012(8):75-83.
[14]	邱忠莉.小城镇污水处理厂运行绩效评价方法研究[D].重庆: 重庆大学, 2013.
[15]	钱宇婷.中小城镇污水处理工艺选择的优化研究[D].成都: 西南交通大学, 2017.
[16]	SALA-GARRIDO R, HERNÁNDEZ-SANCHO F, MOLINOS-SENANTE M.Assessing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants in an uncertain context:a DEA with tolerances approach[J].Environmental Science & Policy, 2012, 18:34-44.
[17]	GÓMEZ T, GÉMAR G, MOLINOS-SENANTE M, et al.Assessing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants:a double-bootstrap approach[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 164:315-324.
[18]	GALLEGO A, HOSPIDO A, MOREIRA M T, et al.Environmental performance of wastewater treatment plants for small populations[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2008, 52(6):931-940.
[19]	RODRIGUEZ-GARCIA G, MOLINOS-SENANTE M, HOSPIDO A, et al.Environmental and economic profile of six typologies of wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Research, 2011, 45(14):5997-6010.
[20]	SANTOS L F D O M, OSIRO L, LIMA R H P.A model based on 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic representation and Analytic Hierarchy Process for supplier segmentation using qualitative and quantitative criteria[J].Expert Systems with Applications, 2017, 79:53-64.
[21]	HANNE N.The balance on the balanced scorecard-a critical analysis of some of its assumptions[J].Management Accounting Research, 2000, 11:65-88.
[22]	FATEMEH S, SHABNAM H N.Improving performance evaluation based on balanced scorecard with grey relational analysis and data envelopment analysis approaches:case study in water and wastewater companies[J].Evaluation and Program Planning, 2020.doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101762.
[23]	MOLINOS-SENANTE M, MAZIOTIS A.A met stochastic frontier analysis for technical efficiency comparison of water companies in England and Wales[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2020, 27(1):729-740.
[24]	MOLINOS-SENANTE M, MAZIOTIS A.Productivity growth and its drivers in the Chilean water and sewerage industry:a comparison of alternative benchmarking techniques[J].Urban Water Journal, 2019, 16(5):353-364.
[25]	楚想想, 罗丽, 王晓昌, 等.我国城镇污水处理厂的能耗现状分析[J].中国给水排水, 2018, 34(7):70-74. CHU Xiangxiang, LUO Li, WANG Xiaochang, et al.Analysis on current energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in China[J].China Water & Wastewater, 2018, 34(7):70-74.
[26]	YANG L, ZENG S, CHEN J, et al.Operational energy performance assessment system of municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Water Science & Technology, 2010, 62(6):1361-1370.
[27]	住房城乡建设部.城镇污水处理工作考核暂行办法[R/OL].北京: 住房和城乡建设部, 2017-07-06[2020-07-31].http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/wjfb/201707/t20170718_232659.html.
[28]	陈晓光, 王硕, 聂新宇, 等.城市污水处理厂污泥产率计算公式探讨[J].中国给水排水, 2015, 31(18):68-72. CHEN Xiaoguang, WANG Shuo, NIE Xinyu, et al.Discussion on calculation formula of excess sludge yield in wastewater treatment plant[J].China Water & Wastewater, 2015, 31(18):68-72.
[29]	TONG X, MIAO Z, GAO L, et al.Development and application of a comprehensive ecological risk assessment indicator system in Xiamen, China[J].International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2018, 25(5):1-9.
[30]	DÍAZ-MADROÑERO M, PÉREZ-SÁNCHEZ, SATORRE J R, et al.Analysis of a wastewater treatment plant using fuzzy goal programming as a management tool:a case study[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 180:20-33.
[31]	SHARMA N, RAO B.Life-cycle atmospheric emissions and energy use of the collection phase of a typical Indian sewerage system[J].Energy Ecology & Environment, 2018, 3(1):48-68.
[32]	FRANCESC H S, RAMON S G.Technical efficiency and cost analysis in wastewater treatment processes:a DEA approach[J].Desalination, 2009, 249(1):230-234.
[33]	侯晓姝, 许申来, 周方, 等.迁安市污水收集与处理效能定量评估[J].环境科学研究, 2019, 32(8):1402-1410. HOU Xiaoshu, XU Shenlai, ZHOU Fang, et al.Quantitative evaluation of sewage collection and treatment efficiency in Qianan City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019, 32(8):1402-1410.
[34]	国务院办公厅."十二五"全国城镇污水处理及再生利用设施建设规划[R/OL].北京: 国务院办公厅, 2012-04-19[2020-07-31].