编者按:
“国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项流域水质目标管理技术及应用专题”集中报道了“十三五”国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项“流域水质目标管理技术体系集成研究项目”的主要研究成果，该项目旨在构建以流域水生态监测评价、环境基准标准、排污许可管理、污染防治可行技术评估、水环境风险管理等为核心的流域水质目标管理技术体系. 其中一部分研究成果已发表于本刊2020年第11期，现将另一部分研究成果予以发表.
Research and Application of Integrated Technology of Water Quality Target Management in Typical Areas of Yangtze River Economic Belt
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摘要: 为实现长江经济带“共抓大保护，不搞大开发”的目标，亟待实施长江经济带水质目标管理.按照“分类、分区、分级、分期”理念，在流域水质目标管理技术的基础上，构建长江经济带下游典型区域一、二维联解的非稳态水量水质数学模型，以长江岸线长度的10%作为最大排污混合带，且在断面水质达标的基础上根据概化排污口的允许排污量计算结果，对研究区域长江干流90个水环境功能区进行容量总量计算.结果表明：沿江8市中南京市COD、氨氮、TP的区域总量控制值分别为59 537、8 099、1 008 t/a，扬州市分别为26 830、2 668、356 t/a，镇江市分别为44 683、3 344、480 t/a，泰州市分别为36 919、2 598、388 t/a，常州市分别为6 689、538、76 t/a，无锡市分别为831、121、15 t/a，苏州市分别为42 384、4 365、546 t/a，南通市分别为32 893、2 986、382 t/a，其中南京市COD、氨氮和TP的容量总量最大，无锡市COD、氨氮和TP的容量总量最小.该结果可为沿江城市污染负荷削减、污染物入江量管控提供科学决策依据.Abstract: In order to achieve the goal of protecting the environment of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, it is urgent to implement the water quality target management. According to the concept of 'classifying, zoning, grading and staging', based on the technology of basin water quality target management, a mathematical model of unsteady water quantity and quality in typical downstream regions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt was established by combining one-dimensional and two-dimensional models. In this study, 10% of the Yangtze River shoreline length was selected as the largest pollutant discharging zone within which the cross-section water qualities conformed to the regulations. Based on the calculation results that obtained by generalizing discharge amounts of outfalls, the environmental capacities of 90 water environmental function zones along the main stream were analyzed. The results indicate that in eight cities, the regional total discharge control values of COD, ammonia nitrogen and TP were: 59, 537, 8, 099 and 1, 008 t/a in Nanjing, 26, 830, 2, 668 and 356 t/a in Yangzhou, 44, 683, 3, 344 and 480 t/a in Zhenjiang, 36, 919, 2, 598 and 388 t/a in Taizhou, 6, 689, 538 and 76 t/a in Changzhou, 831, 121 and 15 t/a in Wuxi, 42, 384, 4, 365 and 546 t/a in Suzhou, and 32, 893, 2, 986 and 382 t/a in Nantong, respectively. According to the survey, Nanjing had the highest capacities of COD, ammonia nitrogen and TP, while Wuxi had the lowest capacities. The research can provide a scientific basis for policy and decision-making on pollutant loading reduction and pollutant emission control in cities along the Yangzi River.
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图 1 长江经济带水质目标管理技术衔接关系
Figure 1. Research logical diagram of integrated water quality target management technology
图 3 研究区域(马鞍山—高桥段)水环境数学模型计算范围及水下地形
Figure 3. Calculation range of water environment mathematical model and underwater topographic map of the study area (Ma′anshan-Gaoqiao section)
图 4 研究区域水环境数学模型网格划分(以南京八卦洲段为例)
Figure 4. Grid division of water environment mathematical model in the study area (Baguazhou section)
表 1 生活污染源排污系数
Table 1. Discharge coefficients of domestic pollution sources
类型 污水量排污系数/
[L/(人·d)]COD排污系数/
[g/(人·d)]氨氮排污系数/
[g/(人·d)]TP排污系数/
[g/(人·d)]TN排污系数/
[g/(人·d)]城市 220 70 12 0.9 12 农村 160 50 5.5 0.45 7 
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表 2 养殖业污染源排污系数
Table 2. Pollutant discharge coefficients of aquaculture pollution sources
kg/(头·a) 畜禽类型 COD排污系数 氨氮排污系数 TP排污系数 牛 244 19.7 1.01 猪 48.8 3.94 1.70 家禽 0.8 0.24 0.115
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表 3 研究区域各市COD、氨氮、TP污染负荷统计
Table 3. Statistical results of COD, NH3-N and TP loadings of cities in the study area
t/a 城市 污染物 工业企业 城镇生活 农村生活 畜禽养殖 农田面源 合计 COD 5 008.8 140 195.9 10 775.5 5 042.1 12 121.7 173 144.0 南京市 氨氮 269.7 24 033.6 1 185.3 44.7 2 424.3 27 957.6 TP 1 009.6 1 802.5 97.0 51.4 303.0 3 263.5 COD 7 359.4 60 864.2 11 172.7 3 763.2 21 717.9 104 877.4 扬州市 氨氮 586.6 10 433.9 1 229.0 141.9 4 343.6 16 735.0 TP 865.0 782.5 100.6 51.6 542.9 2 342.6 COD 3 080.4 45 914.4 6 862.0 1 350.9 10 014.8 67 222.4 镇江市 氨氮 258.3 7 871.0 754.8 30.8 2 003.0 10 917.9 TP 443.1 590.3 61.8 17.0 250.4 1 362.6 COD 3 448.5 61 739.0 11 909.2 7 490.9 25 477.2 110 064.8 泰州市 氨氮 330.6 10 583.8 1 310.0 197.5 5 095.4 17 517.4 TP 871.4 793.8 107.2 88.9 636.9 2 498.1 COD 6 052.0 101 797.3 11 480.7 1 310.7 8 697.2 129 337.9 常州市 氨氮 415.2 17 451.0 1 262.9 35.8 1 739.4 20 904.3 TP 1 063.3 1 308.8 103.3 15.8 217.4 2 708.7 COD 8 015.2 69 230.3 9 711.2 3 002.2 6 790.5 96 749.4 无锡市 氨氮 314.7 11 868.0 1 068.2 42.3 1 358.1 14 651.4 TP 1 604.6 890.1 87.4 29.7 169.8 2 781.5 COD 21 857.5 165 527.2 18 873.4 11 111.3 10 229.0 227 598.4 苏州市 氨氮 1 497.4 28 376.1 2 076.1 93.6 2 045.8 34 089.0 TP 4 684.8 2 128.2 169.9 104.3 255.7 7 342.8 COD 4 097.3 98 592.3 18 115.0 22 421.7 36 511.7 179 738.0 南通市 氨氮 295.4 16 901.5 1 992.6 362.8 7 302.3 26 854.8 TP 686.2 1 267.6 163.0 284.5 912.8 3 314.2
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表 4 研究区域污染源构成分析
Table 4. Analysis of pollution sources in the study area
污染源 COD 氨氮 TP 负荷/(t/a) 占比/% 负荷/(t/a) 占比/% 负荷/(t/a) 占比/% 工业企业 58 919.1 5.4 3 967.9 2.3 11 228.0 43.8 城镇生活 743 860.7 68.3 127 519.0 75.2 9 563.9 37.3 农村生活 98 899.7 9.1 10 879.0 6.4 890.1 3.5 畜禽养殖 55 493.0 5.1 949.5 0.6 643.1 2.5 农田面源 131 559.8 12.1 26 312.0 15.5 3 289.0 12.9 合计 1 088 732.3 100.0 169 627.4 100.0 25 614.1 100.0
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表 5 研究区域各地级市容量总量
Table 5. Calculation results of total capacity of each city in the study area
城市 三级功能
分区个数COD容量总量/
(t/a)氨氮容量总量/
(t/a)TP容量总量/
(t/a)南京市 18 59 537 8 099 1 008 扬州市 9 26 830 2 668 356 镇江市 15 44 683 3 344 480 泰州市 13 37 351 2 630 388 常州市 5 6 689 538 76 无锡市 3 831 121 15 苏州市 13 42 384 4 365 546 南通市 14 32 893 2 986 382 合计 90 251 198 24 751 3 251
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表 6 长江下游南京段干流各三级功能分区基本信息及容量总量
Table 6. Basic information and total capacity calculation results of each water function area in Nanjing section of the study area
编号 三级功能分区名称 城市 起始—终点 长度/
km2020年水质目标1) 2020年容量总量/(t/a) COD 氨氮 TP 1 长江皖苏缓冲区(左岸) 南京市 省界—骚狗山 5.3 Ⅱ 3 658 505 63 2 长江江浦保留区 南京市 骚狗山—江浦与浦口交界
(七里河口)23.7 Ⅱ 1 266 69 11 3 长江南京浦口饮用、
渔业用水区(左岸)南京市 七里桥河入江口(城南
河口)—长江大桥7 Ⅱ 114 14 2 4 长江南京浦口渔业、
农业用水区(左岸北岸)南京市 长江大桥—新化 9.3 Ⅱ 6 435 889 110 5 长江南京大厂工业、
渔业用水区(左岸)南京市 新化—大厂区马汊河口 9.75 Ⅱ 6 775 936 116 6 长江南京大厂扬子
饮用水源区(左岸)南京市 大厂区马汊河口—岳子河闸 2 Ⅱ 34 4 1 7 长江南京六合渔业、
农业用水区(左岸)南京市 岳子河闸—划子口河口 16.15 Ⅱ 11 160 1 541 191 8 长江六合保留区 南京市 划子口河口—仪征市小河口 15.12 Ⅱ 249 32 4 9 长江皖苏缓冲区(右岸) 南京市 省界—铜井河口 4.4 Ⅱ 3 036 419 52 10 长江江宁铜井保留区 南京市 铜井河口—江宁河口 13 Ⅱ 257 33 4 11 长江南京渔业、农业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京江宁河口—南京秦淮新河口 9.6 Ⅱ 6 631 916 114 12 长江南京夹江饮用、渔业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京秦淮新河口—南京三汊河口 13.2 Ⅱ 231 28 4 13 长江南京工业、渔业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京三汊河口—南京长江大桥 4.5 Ⅱ 3 105 429 53 14 长江南京上元门—燕子矶饮用、
渔业用水区(右岸)南京市 南京长江大桥—南京燕子矶镇 7.5 Ⅱ 134 16 2 15 长江南京燕子矶工业、渔业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京燕子矶镇—南京九乡河口 13.5 Ⅱ 9 328 1 288 160 16 长江南京龙潭饮用、工业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京九乡河口—南京七乡河口 6.96 Ⅱ 124 15 2 17 长江南京栖霞渔业、农业用水区(右岸) 南京市 南京七乡河口—南京栖霞三江河口 9.74 Ⅱ 6 728 929 115 18 长江南京营防保留区 南京市 三江河口与句容交界(大道河口) 13.8 Ⅱ 272 36 5 小计 59 537 8 099 1 008 注：1)为《江苏省地表水(环境)功能区划》中的水质目标.
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