城镇污水处理厂出水排放限值分级及提标成本研究

蔡木林; 卢延娜; 刘琰; 赵丽娜; 杨占红; 魏玉霞; 王海燕

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.03.14

城镇污水处理厂出水排放限值分级及提标成本研究

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.03.14

中国环境科学研究院, 环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室, 北京 100012

基金项目:

国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项 2017ZX07301003-04

详细信息

作者简介:
蔡木林(1975-), 男, 江西黎川人, 副研究员, 博士, 主要从事生态环境标准研究, ml_cai@126.com

通讯作者:
王海燕(1976-), 女, 辽宁沈阳人, 研究员, 博士, 主要从事生态环境标准研究, wanghaiyan@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X523
计量
- 文章访问数: 320
- HTML全文浏览量: 74
- PDF下载量: 153
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-11-30
- 修回日期: 2021-04-06
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-25

Classification of Effluent Discharge Limits of Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant and Cost of Upgrading Standard

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Funds:

National Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment, China 2017ZX07301003-04

摘要

摘要: 为了解城镇污水处理厂不同提标改造要求对成本的影响程度，围绕水环境质量改善目标，提出城镇污水处理厂排放限值的分级体系设计.在排放浓度分级方面，梳理现行国家和地方城镇污水处理厂排放标准，将其主要水污染物的排放浓度限值分为四级，按照从宽到严的顺序，分别为GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准（四级）、GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中准Ⅴ类水质标准（三级）、准Ⅳ类水质标准（二级）和准Ⅲ类水质标准（一级）的浓度水平，并对从四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级排放限值进行技术经济评估.结果表明：对于一座设计规模为10×10⁴ t/d的城镇污水处理厂，由四级分别提高到三级、二级和一级，需增加的成本和占地面积逐步提高.当排放限值从四级提高到一级时，成本与占地面积增加最多，其中投资成本增加1.1×10⁸~1.4×10⁸元，运行成本增加1.6~1.8元/t，土地占用面积增加2 000 m².以某中等城市为例，提标到最严格的一级限值最高需要增加投资成本24.4×10⁸~31.1×10⁸元，新增运行成本13.0×10⁸~14.6×10⁸元/a，增加占地面积6.8×10⁴ m².研究显示，城镇污水处理厂出水可直接与水质改善目标相衔接，且将大幅度增加污水处理厂的成本.
- 城镇污水处理厂 /
- 主要水污染物 /
- 排放限值分级 /
- 成本分析
Abstract: In order to understand the impact of the requirements of upgrading the effluent quality standards on the cost, we proposed a system to classify the effluent discharge limits of municipal sewage treatment plants. We synthesized current national and local discharge standards of municipal sewage treatment plants, and classified the discharge limits of major contaminants present in wastewater into four levels, namely grade 1-A of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Waste (GB 18918-2002) (level 4), quasi grade V of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002) (level 3), quasi grade Ⅳ (level 2) and quasi gradeⅢ (level 1). Then, we assessed the technical and economic feasibility of upgrading the effluent discharge level from level 4 to level 3, 2, and 1, respectively. We found that the cost and floor area were greater from (level 4→level 1) > (level 4→level 2) > (level 4→level 3) when the discharge concentration limits were upgraded for a 10×10⁴ t/d municipal sewage treatment plan. When upgrading discharge quality from level 4 to level 1, the investment cost increased by 1.1×10⁸-1.4×10⁸ RMB, operating cost increased from 1.6 to 1.8 RMB per ton, and the floor area increased by 2000 m². Taking a medium-sized city in China as an example, the maximum investment cost increased by 24.4×10⁸-31.1×10⁸ RMB, operating cost increased by 13.0×10⁸-14.6×10⁸ RMB per year, and the floor area increased by 6.8×10⁴ m². Our results indicate that the effluent of municipal sewage treatment plants can be directly linked to the goal of improving water quality, which will drive the costs of treatment up substantially.
- municipal sewage treatment plant /
- major water pollutants /
- discharge limit classification /
- cost assessment

HTML全文

图 1 不同分级排放限值的达标技术路线示例

Figure 1. Examples of technical routes to meet the standard for different discharge limits

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表 1 许可排放限值分级体系设计

Table 1. Design of grading system for permitted discharge limits for municipal wastewater treatment plants

分级	许可排放限值		适用范围	限值水平宽严程度
分级	许可排放浓度限值	许可排放量限值	适用范围	限值水平宽严程度
四级	国家行业排放标准	基于排放标准计算	全国全行业	宽
三级	地方行业排放标准	基于排放标准计算	地方全行业	中
二级	地方流域排放标准	基于排放标准计算	流域全行业	较严
一级	地方流域排放标准	基于水环境质量改善目标计算	单个污染源	最严

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表 2 城镇污水处理厂主要污染物排放标准及限值比较^[6-13]

Table 2. Comparison of discharge standards and limits for major pollutants in municipal wastewater treatment plants^[6-13]

标准类别	标准编号	分级	COD浓度/ (mg/L)	氨氮浓度/ (mg/L)	总氮浓度/ (mg/L)	总磷浓度/ (mg/L)
国家标准	GB 3838—2002	Ⅲ类	20	1.0	1.0	0.2
		Ⅳ类	30	1.5	1.5	0.3
		Ⅴ类	40	2.0	2.0	0.4
	GB 18918—2002	一级A	50	5(8)	15	0.5
地方标准	北京市DB 11/890—2012	A标准	20	1.0(1.5)	10	0.2
	北京市DB 11/890—2012	B标准	30	1.5(2.5)	15	0.3
	天津市DB 12/599—2015	A标准	30	1.5(3.0)	10	0.3
		B标准	40	2.0(3.5)	15	0.4
		C标准	50	5.0(8.0)	15	0.5
	浙江省DB 33/2169—2018	新建	30	1.5(3.0)	10(12)	0.3
	浙江省DB 33/2169—2018	现有	40	2.0(4.0)	12(15)	0.3
	江苏省DB 32/1072—2018	太湖流域内一级、二级保护区	40	3.0(5.0)	10(12)	0.3
	安徽省DB 34/2710—2016	工业废水占比小于50%	40	2.0(3.0)	10(12)	0.3
	安徽省DB 34/2710—2016	工业废水占比大于50%	50	5.0	15	0.5
	重庆市DB 50/963—2020	重点控制区	30	1.5(3.0)	15	0.3
	重庆市DB 50/963—2020	一般控制区	50	5.0(8.0)	15	0.5
	昆明市DB 5301/T 43—2020	A级	20	1.0(1.5)	5(10)	0.05
		B级	30	1.5(3.0)	10(15)	0.3
		C级	40	3.0(5.0)	15	0.4
		D级	40	5.0(8.0)	15	0.5
	河北省DB 13/2795—2018	核心控制区	20	1.0(1.5)	10	0.2
		重点控制区	30	1.5(2.5)	15	0.3
		一般控制区	40	2.0(3.5)	15	0.4
注：括号内数值为水温小于12 ℃时的排放限值.

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表 3 城镇污水处理厂排放限值分级设计

Table 3. Grading design of discharge limits for municipal wastewater treatment plants

序号	污染物项目	一级 (准Ⅲ类)	二级 (准Ⅳ类)	三级 (准Ⅴ类)	四级 (一级A)
1	COD浓度/(mg/L)	20	30	40	50
2	氨氮浓度/(mg/L)	1.0(1.5)	1.5(3)	3(5)	5(8)
3	总氮浓度/(mg/L)	10	10	15	15
4	总磷浓度/(mg/L)	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5
注：括号内数值为水温小于12 ℃时的排放限值.

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表 4 城镇污水处理厂排放限值分级与成本分析

Table 4. Grading of discharge limits and cost assessment for municipal wastewater treatment plants

序号	项目		排放限值分级
序号	项目		一级	二级	三级	四级
1	COD浓度/(mg/L)		20	30	40	50
2	氨氮浓度/(mg/L)		1.0(1.5)	1.5(3)	3(5)	5(8)
3	总氮浓度/(mg/L)		10	10	15	15
4	总磷浓度/(mg/L)		0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5
5	推荐的达标技术路线		A²/O+MBR+臭氧接触池+活性炭滤池+消毒	A²/O+反硝化滤池+高效沉淀池+活性砂滤池+消毒	A²/O+高效沉淀池+活性砂滤池+消毒	A²/O+高效沉淀池+纤维转盘滤池+消毒
6	增加占地面积/m²		2 000	1 500	1 000	0
7	增加投资成本	膜组件/(10⁴元)	7 000~10 000	0	0	0
		反硝化滤池/(10⁴元)	0	5 000	0	0
		臭氧接触池/(10⁴元)	1 000	0	0	0
		高效沉淀池/(10⁴元)	0	0	0	0
		纤维转盘滤池/(10⁴元)	0	3 000	3 000	0
		活性炭吸附池/(10⁴元)	3 000	0	0	0
		小计/(10⁸元)	1.1~1.4	0.8	0.3	0
8		增加运行成本/(元/t)	1.6~1.8	0.8~1.0	0.4~0.5	0

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表 5 某中等城市所有城镇污水处理厂技术改造成本估算

Table 5. Cost assessment of technology upgrading for all municipal wastewater treatment plants in a medium-sized city

序号	提标情形	增加投资成本/(10⁸元)	增加运行成本/(10⁸元/a)	增加占地面积/m²
1	限值由四级提标至三级	6.7	3.2~4.1	34 000
2	限值由四级提标至二级	17.8	6.4~8.1	51 000
3	限值由四级提标至一级	24.4~31.1	13.0~14.6	68 000

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