编者按:
微塑料因在环境中留存时间长、输移扩散广、治理难度大，成为全球广泛关注的热点环境问题，其污染分布及其环境 行为是生态与环境科学研究的前沿. 近年来，我国在微塑料监测技术方法、微塑料在我国不同环境介质中的分布特征、微塑料的 生态环境效应等方面的研究取得积极进展，对科学认识微塑料问题和支撑我国微塑料的管理发挥了重要作用. 为使读者了解近 期我国环境中微塑料监测和生态风险评估领域的研究进展，现将部分成果予以发表，以期为相关研究提供参考.
Research Progress of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Environment
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摘要: 为探究环境中微纳塑料的含量、归趋和生态风险，发展可靠的检测方法是重要前提.目前，对微纳塑料的分析方法多种多样，国内外已有多篇综述归纳了各方法的优缺点，甚至提出了"统一"或"标准化"的方法.然而，由于研究目标和技术方法本身的成熟度不同等原因，很难笼统地提出一套适用于所有监测或研究的方法.微纳塑料的研究是基于颗粒性和尺寸效应的研究，笔者将其划分为大粒级微塑料（0.02~5 mm）、小粒级微塑料（1~20 μm）和纳米塑料（1~1 000 nm）3个类别，分别概述各粒级的分析方法进展和技术目标等.对于大粒级微塑料，已形成相对成熟的检测方案，适合开展常规监测和大规模基线数据的调查，但方法多样化，数据的质量不统一导致可比性差，提高方法的可行性和统一性是努力重点；对于20 μm以下的小粒级微塑料，检测的准确度有待提高，发展可靠的定性及定量方法是当前的目标；对于1 000 nm以下的塑料颗粒和可溶性聚合物，发展尚不成熟，需要研究更有效的前处理和分析方法.今后，应针对不同粒级微纳塑料所面临的问题开展方法学研究，加强对微纳塑料环境行为等的基础研究，并逐步发展微纳塑料的预测模型，在可靠数据的基础上进行全面的生态风险评估.Abstract: Microplastics, an emerging pollutant, have been a topic of increasing concern in recent years. Establishing reliable detection methods is a key goal for studying the concentration, fate, and ecological risks of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. At present, many review papers have outlined various methods of sampling, separation/enrichment, qualitative and quantitative analysis of plastics in different environments, and even proposed 'unified' or 'standardized' methods. However, due to the different research objectives and the maturity of the detection techniques, it is difficult to generalize a set of methods applicable to all monitoring or research. Because of the particle shape and size effects of microplastics and nanoplastics, we define three size categories of microplastics and nanoplastics, namely large microplastics (0.02-5 mm), small microplastics (1-20 μm), and nanoplastics (1-1000 nm) in this review. This article summarizes the research progress of detection techniques and specifies the development goals for the three categories of microplastics and nanoplastics. For large microplastics above 20 μm, there are variouse detection protocols for particle analysis, resulting in inconsistent quality of data and therefore less comparability among reports. Choosing a unified sampling and analysis method is the paramount goal of environmental monitoring. For small microplastics below 20 μm, the determination of concentration is not accurate. Therefore, it is important to develop more reliable, qualitative, and quantitative methods. For particles and water-soluble polymers below 1000 nm, the development of detection methodology is lagging, and efforts should be put on proposing more pretreatment and analysis methods, which will be potential alternative for future environmental monitoring protocol. In future research, we should vigorously develop reliable qualitative and quantitative methods, research on detection of water-soluble polymer and environmental behavior of micro- and nano- plastics, and their predictive models to conduct a comprehensive ecological risk assessment on the basis of more reliable data.
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Key words:
- microplastic /
- small-sized microplastic /
- nanoplastic /
- analysis methods /
- environmental monitoring
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图 1 塑料颗粒的尺寸分级及常见的采样和鉴定方法
Figure 1. Commonly-used sampling and identification methods for different size fractions of plastics
图 2 微塑料研究常用的各种采样及分析方法
Figure 2. Some commonly-used sampling and analysis methods for microplastic studies
图 3 显微拉曼技术鉴定小粒级微塑料的检测过程及存在的问题
Figure 3. Micro-Raman spectroscopy operating process and potential issues in microplastic studies
表 1 大粒级微塑料研究中常用的分离及鉴定方法对比
Table 1. Comparison of commonly-used separation and identification methods for large microplastics
项目 种类 优点 缺点 数据来源 分离方法 消解 硝酸、高氯酸 较高的回收率 降解某些塑料 文献[12] 氢氧化钾 反应较快且价廉，回收率高 不能消解纤维素和几丁质，降解某些塑料 过氧化氢 回收率较高 降解过程中产生大量泡沫且使塑料褪色 胰蛋白酶 反应温和, 不降解塑料 价格昂贵且不适宜处理大体积样品 浮选 氯化钠 性价比高 样品需冲洗3遍 文献[13-15] 碘化钠 回收率较高 与纤维素发生反应使其变黑，影响观察鉴定 溴化锌 回收率较高 价格昂贵，具毒性，不适宜处理大体积样品 氯化锌 回收率较高 价格昂贵，不适宜处理大体积样品 鉴定方法 目检法 光学显微镜 快速、简便 误判率高 文献[6] 光谱法 显微红外光谱 信号较强，操作简便 空间分辨率较低，对环境样品下限为20 μm 文献[16] 显微拉曼光谱 空间分辨率较高 信号较弱，操作较复杂，检测环境样品时常有荧光干扰 热分析法 热裂解气相色谱质谱技术 样品无需复杂前处理 存在误判风险，且破坏样品 文献[17] 萃取-热脱附气相色谱质谱技术 一次进样可对多种成分进行定量分析 进样量少，不适合处理大体积样品 
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