多溴联苯醚和新型阻燃剂暴露与儿童肾损伤研究

郭凌川; 刘涛; 肖建鹏; 李敏; 吕占禄; 张晗; 张金良; 马文军

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.09.11

多溴联苯醚和新型阻燃剂暴露与儿童肾损伤研究

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.09.11

郭凌川^1,,
刘涛²,
肖建鹏³,
李敏⁴,
吕占禄¹,
张晗¹,
张金良¹,
马文军^2, ,

1.
中国环境科学研究院，环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室，北京　100012
2.
暨南大学基础医学与公共卫生学院，广东广州　510632
3.
广东省疾病预防控制中心，广东省公共卫生研究院，广东广州　511430
4.
广东省疾病预防控制中心，广东广州　511430

基金项目: 广州市科技计划项目(No.202102080593)

详细信息

作者简介:
郭凌川（1987-），男，北京人，副研究员，博士，主要从事环境与健康研究，glcbzbs@126.com

通讯作者:
马文军(1968-)，男(回族)，湖南武冈人，教授，博士，博导，主要从事环境与健康研究，mawj@gdiph.org.cn

中图分类号: X592
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-02
- 修回日期: 2021-09-16
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-07

Renal Damage of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and New Flame Retardantsin in Children

1.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2.
School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
3.
Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430 China
4.
Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China

Funds: Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (No.202102080593)

摘要

摘要: 为加强对多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和新型阻燃剂(NFRs)环境健康风险的认识，开展PBDEs和NFRs暴露与儿童肾损伤研究. 选择电子垃圾拆解区儿童(暴露组，57例)和对照区儿童(对照组，57例)，开展问卷调查和血、尿样采集，检测血中PBDEs、NFRs、铅、脂肪、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)、尿酸(UA)浓度，尿中镉、镍、β₂微球蛋白(β₂-MG)、N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶浓度. 采用T检验比较两组儿童污染物暴露水平差异，协方差分析比较两组儿童肾功能指标差异，线性回归分析污染物暴露水平和肾功能指标的关联，广义相加模型分析不同污染物对肾功能指标影响的两两交互作用. 结果表明：①暴露组儿童PBDEs和NFRs内暴露浓度(中值分别为230和340 ng/g lipid)显著高于对照组儿童(中值分别为110和160 ng/g lipid)，PBDEss浓度与NFRs浓度呈显著相关. ② PBDEs、NFRs浓度与肾功能指标β₂-MG浓度呈显著正相关、与BUN、SCr浓度呈显著负相关. PBDEs与金属的交互作用对β₂-MG和UA浓度存在显著影响. ③ PBDEs和NFRs暴露导致暴露组β₂-MG浓度显著高于对照组、BUN和SCr浓度显著低于对照组，增加暴露组儿童肾损伤的风险. 研究显示，较高的PBDEs和NFRs暴露浓度增加了电子垃圾拆解区儿童肾损伤风险.
- 电子垃圾 /
- 多溴联苯醚(PBDEs) /
- 新型阻燃剂(NFRs) /
- 环境健康风险 /
- 肾功能
Abstract: In order to understand the health risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and new flame retardants (NFRs) to kidneys, a study on the damage of PBDEs and NFRs to children′s kidneys was conducted. Children in an e-waste dismantling area (exposed group, 57 participants) and the control area (control group, 57 participants) were selected, a questionnaire survey was conducted and blood and urine samples were collected. The concentrations of PBDEs, NFRs, lead, lipids, urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), uric acid (UA) in blood, as well as cadmium, nickel, β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG), N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase in urine samples were analyzed. The T-test was used to compare the differences of exposure levels of the groups of pollutants. An analysis of covariance was used to compare the differences in renal function indexes between the two groups. Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between exposure levels of pollutants and renal function indexes. The generalized additive model was adopted to analyze the interactive effects of the two pollutants on renal function indexes. The results showed that: (1) The exposure levels of PBDEs and NFRs in the exposed group (median, 230 and 340 ng/g lipid) were significantly higher than those in the control group (110 and 160 ng/g lipid). The levels of PBDEs were significantly correlated with those of NFRs. (2) The levels of PBDEs and NFRs were positively correlated with β₂-MG, while negatively correlated with BUN and SCr. The interactive effects of PBDEs with metals were significantly related to the levels of β₂-MG and UA. (3) Under the induction of exposure to PBDEs and NFRs, the concentration of β₂-MG was significantly higher in the exposed group than that in the control group, while the concentrations of BUN and SCr were significantly lower in the exposed group than those in the control group, which increased the risks of renal damage of children in the exposed group. This study indicates that high exposure levels of PBDEs and NFRs increase the risk of renal damage in children in e-waste dismantling areas.
- e-waste /
- polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) /
- new flame retardants (NFRs) /
- environmental health risk /
- renal function

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图 1 ∑PBDE与金属交互作用对肾功能指标浓度的影响(P<0.05)

Figure 1. Interactions of ∑PBDE with metals on renal function indexes (P<0.05)

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表 1 暴露组和对照组基本信息

Table 1. Basic information of the exposed and the control group

项目		暴露组(n=57)	对照组(n=57)	P
年龄	11岁	19	15	0.880
	12岁	35	41
	13岁	2	0
	14岁	0	1
	15岁	1	0
性别	男性	27	18	0.086
性别	女性	30	39	0.086
父亲文化程度	小学	7	15	0.226
	初中	31	24
	高中	15	14
	大专	7	2
	本科	0	2
母亲文化程度	小学	5	16	0.077
	初中	37	30
	高中	12	7
	大专	1	3
	本科	2	1
家庭年收入	<1万元	4	4	0.018
	1~3万元	2	13
	3~5万元	4	2
	≥5万元	1	5
	不清楚	32	22
	未回答	14	11
个人不适症状	咳嗽	8	8	1.000
	哮喘	0	0	1.000
	打喷嚏	13	14	0.830
BMI	中值	18.0±2.6	18.0±3.1	0.700
	平均值±标准差	17	17
	范围	14~27	13~28
甘油三酯/ (g/L)	中值	0.60	0.46	0.002
	平均值±标准差	0.67±0.29	0.53±0.19
	范围	0.30~1.80	0.24~1.10
总胆固醇/ (g/L)	中值	1.6	1.5	0.003
	平均值±标准差	1.60±0.23	1.50±0.28
	范围	1.10~2.10	0.77~2.30
血脂/ (g/L)	中值	3.9	3.4	0.004×10^-2
	平均值±标准差	3.90±0.49	3.50±0.44
	范围	2.8~5.9	2.7~4.7

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表 2 暴露组和对照组儿童PBDEs、NFRs和金属暴露浓度

Table 2. Exposure levels of PBDEs, NFRs, and metals of children between the exposed and the control group

污染物	暴露组			对照组			P
污染物	中值	平均值±标准差	范围	中值	平均值±标准差	范围	P
BDE-28	3.6	7.1±9.8	0.72~50	2.0	4.8±8.2	0.44~48	0.195
BDE-47	1.8	5.5±8.7	0.30~43	1.0	4.8±8.6	nd~45	0.659
BDE-85	0.41	9.8±45	nd~340	0.23	3.4±6.8	nd~30	0.290
BDE-99	2.7	7.9±12	0.16~58	3.8	11±21	0.72~110	0.332
BDE-100	1.5	4.8±8.3	nd~41	0.67	5.1±10	nd~53	0.872
BDE-153	15	40±80	1.0~540	3.4	5.7±5.7	0.17~28	0.190×10⁻²
BDE-154	5.9	16±27	0.60~140	0.59	2.5±4.3	nd~23	0.560×10⁻³
BDE-183	8.1	24±37	0.49~170	2.1	4.6±6.8	0.17~39	0.251×10⁻³
BDE-196	2.1	4.2±5.3	0.18~32	1.2	2.8±4.7	nd~30	0.126
BDE-204	14	28±35	2.3~180	4.3	5.8±4.1	1.3~20	0.017×10⁻³
BDE-206	1.1	1.8±2.0	nd~8.3	0.67	1.7±2.8	nd~15	0.731
BDE-207	3.6	4.7±4.8	nd~29	1.1	2.8±4.9	nd~27	0.034
BDE-209	140	170±110	61~590	86	92±66	3.0~330	0.010×10⁻³
TBECH	13	25±33	nd~160	9.5	17±26	nd~130	0.139
HCDBCO	9.0	16±17	1.6~66	7.4	16±29	nd~180	0.910
TBB	23	49±67	1.8~310	13	33±46	nd~240	0.146
BTBPE	0.43	1.9±3.7	nd~19	0.25	1.7±3.5	nd~16	0.785
TBPH	6.3	9.1±9.9	nd~48	9.8	14±20	nd~120	0.096
DPs	19	38±45	2.6~230	6.1	8.9±9.7	0.90~54	0.010×10⁻³
DPa	27	48±53	2.7~270	5.6	7.7±8.4	0.72~49	0.001×10⁻³
DBDPE	190	240±180	39~1150	110	170±240	nd~1590	0.090
∑PBDE	230	330±250	86~1270	110	150±130	25~610	0.005×10⁻³
∑NFR	340	430±300	89~1510	160	270±340	28~2300	0.010
Pb	34	37±18	14~140	35	41±20	18~110	0.216
Cd	0.56	0.74±0.51	0.050~2.3	0.62	0.79±0.58	0.13~3.2	0.622
Ni	3.0	3.5±3.0	0.050~16	3.0	4.0±3.5	0.48~19	0.358
注：∑PBDE表示13种PBDEs同系物的总和；∑NFR表示8种NFRs的总和；nd表示未检出；PBDEs、NFRs、Pb为血样品浓度；Cd、Ni为尿样品浓度；除Pb、Cd和Ni浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围的单位均为μg/L外，其他污染物浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围的单位均为ng/g lipid.

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表 3 儿童血清PBDEs和NFRs暴露浓度

Table 3. Serum concentrations of PBDEs and NFRs in children

采样时间	地点	污染物类型	暴露浓度中值/(ng/g lipid)	数据来源
2008—2009年	美国加州	∑₁₁PBDE	110	文献[44]
2008—2011年	比利时弗兰德斯	∑₈PBDE	1.6	文献[43]
2010年	中国汕头	∑₈PBDE	210	文献[45]
2011—2012年	美国亚特兰大	∑₇PBDE	0.23	文献[42]
2015年	中国某石化区	∑PBDE	140	文献[40]
2016年	中国某电子垃圾拆解区	∑PBDE	230	该研究
2016年	中国某对照区	∑PBDE	110	该研究
2015年	中国某石化区	∑NFR	240	文献[40]
2016年	中国某电子垃圾拆解区	∑NFR	340	该研究
2016年	中国某对照区	∑NFR	160	该研究
注：∑₁₁PBDE表示BDE-17、BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-66、BDE-85、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183、BDE-209之和；∑₈PBDE表示BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183、BDE-209之和；∑₇PBDE表示BDE-47、BDE-85、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-209之和；∑PBDE表示BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-85、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183、BDE-196、BDE-204、BDE-206、BDE-207、BDE-209之和；ΣNFR表示TBECH、HCDBCO、TBB、BTBPE、TBPH、DPs、DPa、DBDPE之和.

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表 4 暴露组和对照组儿童肾功能指标浓度

Table 4. Concentrations of renal function indexes of children between the exposed and the control group

肾功能指标	暴露组				对照组				P	参考范围
肾功能指标	中值	平均值±标准差	范围	超标率/%	中值	平均值±标准差	范围	超标率/%	P	参考范围
β₂-MG	0.40	0.49±0.19	0.30~1.2	72	0.30	0.13±0.31	0.10~0.70	26	0.025×10⁻⁶	<0.30^[47]
NAG	16	23±22	3.6~130	34	14	14±18	2.8~62	18	0.124	5.2~19^[48]
BUN	3.0	3.1±0.70	1.3~4.5	0	3.9	1.1±4.0	2.1~7.1	1.8	0.448×10⁻⁶	1.8~6.5^[47]
SCr	41	41±6.8	23~55	0	47	7.2±47	32~63	0	0.162×10⁻⁵	25~70^[49]
UA	330	330±84	180~600	25	31	82±310	140~590	11	0.202	130~390^[49]
注：β₂-MG浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围和参考范围的单位均为mg/L；NAG浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围和参考范围的单位均为U/L；BUN浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围和参考范围的单位均为mmol/L；SCr和UA浓度中值、平均值±标准差、范围和参考范围的单位均为μmol/L.

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表 5 污染物浓度与肾功能指标的线性回归系数

Table 5. Linear regression coefficients between concentrations of pollutants and renal function indexes

项目	β₂-MG浓度	NAG浓度	BUN浓度	SCr浓度	UA浓度
BDE-28浓度	0.061	0.032	−0.033	−0.711	0.020
BDE-47浓度	0.022	0.026	−0.020	−0.271	0.003
BDE-85浓度	−0.023×10⁻³	0.014	−0.001	−0.191	−0.001
BDE-99浓度	−0.031	−0.028	0.015	−0.182	−0.008
BDE-100浓度	0.027	0.025	−0.011	−0.523	0.003
BDE-153浓度	0.119^*	0.027	−0.043^*	−0.983	0.009
BDE-154浓度	0.095^*	0.031	−0.040^*	−0.990^*	0.002
BDE-183浓度	0.096^*	0.027	−0.040^*	−1.028^*	0.006
BDE-196浓度	0.056	0.077	−0.020	−0.412	−0.007
BDE-204浓度	0.138^*	0.046	−0.056^*	−1.503^*	0.002
BDE-206浓度	0.039	0.063	0.005	−0.497	−0.003
BDE-207浓度	0.082^*	0.009	−0.018	−0.670	−0.005×10⁻¹
BDE-209浓度	0.130^*	0.025	−0.102*	−2.501^*	0.021
∑PBDE浓度	0.133^*	0.023	−0.079^*	−1.761^*	0.016
TBECH浓度	0.026	0.029	0.009	−0.815	0.009
HCDBCO浓度	0.059	0.044	−0.019	−1.206	0.013
TBB浓度	0.009	−0.014	−0.016	−0.854	−0.018
BTBPE浓度	0.020	0.012	−0.016	−0.527	−0.001
TBPH浓度	−0.051	−0.051	0.017	0.752	−0.007
DPs浓度	0.121^*	−0.003	−0.042	−1.627^*	0.014
DPa浓度	0.140^*	0.009	−0.056^*	−2.023^*	0.007
DBDPE浓度	0.137^*	0.075	−0.048^*	−1.714^*	0.034
∑NFR浓度	0.137^*	0.054	−0.056	−2.057^*	0.027
Pb浓度	−0.025	0.006	−0.013	0.024	0.018
Cd浓度	0.169^*	0.415^*	0.038	0.602	0.040
Ni浓度	0.026	0.204^*	0.004	−0.145	0.010
注：∑PBDE表示13种PBDEs同系物的总和；∑NFR表示8种NFRs的总和；*表示在P<0.05水平上显著相关.

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