反渗透技术对消毒副产物的去除效果、机理及影响因素研究进展

何欢; 杨洁; 陈白杨

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.10.07

反渗透技术对消毒副产物的去除效果、机理及影响因素研究进展

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.10.07

哈尔滨工业大学（深圳），深圳　518055

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(No.51978194)；深圳市科技创新委员会项目(No.JCYJ20180306171820685)

详细信息

作者简介:
何欢（2000-），女，湖南衡阳人，HeHuan1197@163.com

通讯作者:
陈白杨(1976-)，男，湖南娄底人，教授，博士，博导，主要从事饮用水安全与控制研究，poplar_chen@hotmail.com

中图分类号: X1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-08-11
- 修回日期: 2021-10-13
- 网络出版日期: 2022-03-07

A Review of Disinfection Byproducts Removal Efficiency and Influencing Factors of Reverse Osmosis Technology

Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51978194); Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission, China (No.JCYJ20180306171820685)

摘要

摘要: 反渗透(RO)技术因操作简便、无药剂添加等特点，被广泛应用于管网末端痕量污染物的去除. 为深入理解RO技术在去除饮用水中消毒副产物(DBP)的应用，总结了近20年来RO截留DBPs的效果、机理、影响因素及工艺. 结果表明：①空间位阻效应是RO膜去除DBPs的主要作用机制，静电排斥效应对带电小分子DBPs的去除更加明显. ② RO膜对疏水性DBPs也具有一定的吸附截留作用，适当提高pH、操作压力或膜改性(如使膜孔变小或增强膜的亲水性)能增强DBPs的去除，但升高温度不利于DBPs去除. ③在一定范围内DBPs浓度变化(0~200 μg/L)对RO膜截留影响不明显，目前尚存争议的是水中离子浓度和膜老化对RO膜截留的影响及各种RO工艺的优选. 建议未来深入探究DBPs在RO工艺中的吸附和穿透行为及规律，并致力于开发净水能力更强且更节能省水的RO工艺.
- 反渗透(RO)膜 /
- 消毒副产物 /
- 效果 /
- 机理 /
- 影响因素 /
- 工艺
Abstract: Reverse osmosis (RO) technology is widely used in the removal of trace pollutants at pipe network end due to its simple operation and chemical-free characteristics. In order to gain insights into the application of RO technology in the removal of disinfection by-products (DBPs), this review summarizes the effects, mechanisms, influencing factors of RO rejection of DBPs in the past two decades. The results show that: (1) Steric hindrance is the major force governing the removal of most of DBPs by RO, while electrostatic repulsion has a great impact on the removal of those charged small molecules of DBPs. (2) RO membrane can effectively reject hydrophobic DBPs due to its adsorption capacity. Increasing the pH and operating pressure or modifying membrane properties (e.g., reducing pore size or enhancing hydrophilicity of membrane) can increase the removal of DBPs, and the increase in temperature is often harmful to the removal of DBPs. (3) Varying initial DBPs concentrations (0-200 μg/L) within certain levels posed little effects on the performance of RO membrane. However, there are still some controversies regarding the influence of coexisting ions in water and membrane aging on the retention of DBPs. It is recommended to further explore the adsorption and penetration behavior and mechanism of DBPs in the RO treatment process in the future, and devote to the development of RO processes with stronger pollutant mitigation abilities and more energy-saving and water-saving features.
- reverse osmosis (RO) membrane /
- disinfection byproducts /
- efficiency /
- mechanism /
- influencing factors /
- processes

HTML全文

图 1 不同离子浓度下RO膜对THMs去除率的变化^[68]

Figure 1. The removal efficiency of THMs by RO membranes with different ion concentrations^[68]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 循环RO过程中20种DBPs的总去除率^[68]

Figure 2. Total removal efficiency of 20 DBPs during flexible reverse osmosis^[68]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 各国DBPs浓度的限值^[12-16]

Table 1. Concentration limits of DBPs by different countries^[12-16]

消毒剂	DBPs	类型	致癌性	DBPs浓度限值/(mg/L)
消毒剂	DBPs	类型	致癌性	WHO	US	EU	日本	中国	印度
液氯/氯胺	三卤甲烷(THMs)	氯仿	2B	0.3	0.08	—	0.06	0.06	0.2
		一溴二氯甲烷	2B	0.06	0.08	—	0.03	0.06	0.06
		二溴氯甲烷	3	0.1	0.08	—	0.1	0.1	0.1
		三溴甲烷	3	0.1	0.08	—	0.09	0.1	0.1
		总THMs		*	0.08	0.1	0.1	*	—
	卤乙酸(HAAs)	一氯乙酸		0.2	0.06	—	0.02	—	—
		二氯乙酸	2B	0.05	0.06	—	0.03	0.05	—
		三氯乙酸	2B	0.2	0.06	—	0.03	0.1	—
		二溴乙酸	2B	—	—	—	—	—	—
		溴氯乙酸	2B	—	—	—	—	—	—
		总HAA		—	0.06	0.06	—	—	—
	卤代乙腈(HAN)	二氯乙腈	3	0.02	—	—	0.04	—	—
		三氯乙腈	3	—	—	—	—	—	—
		二溴乙腈	2B	0.07	—	—	—	—	—
		溴氯乙腈	3	—	—	—	—	—	—
二氧化氯	氯酸盐类	ClO₂⁻	3	0.7	—	0.25	0.6	0.7	—
二氧化氯	氯酸盐类	ClO₃⁻		0.7	1.0	0.25	0.6	0.7	—
臭氧	溴酸盐类(BrO₃⁻)/醛类	BrO₃⁻	2B	0.01	0.01	—	0.01	0.01	—
臭氧	溴酸盐类(BrO₃⁻)/醛类	甲醛	1	—	—	—	0.08	0.9	—
注：空白表示未设置致癌等级；1表示致癌物；2B表示可能为致癌物；3表示致癌度不确定；*表示各类化合物浓度中各种化合物的实测浓度与其各自限值比值之和不得超过1；—表示对DBPs浓度没有设定限值.

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表 2 各种膜对DBPs的去除效果^[38]

Table 2. DBPs removal efficiency of various membranes^[38]

膜类型	去除率/%
膜类型	TCM	DCAN	TCAN	DCAM	TCAM
商品膜	26.2	29.4	60.8	55.1	66.5
TFC膜	32.1	37.3	82.2	71	90.5
ZIF/TFN膜	38.4	45.3	95.5	80	99.2
注：TCM为三氯甲烷；DCAN为二氯乙腈；TCAN为三氯乙腈；DCAM为二氯乙酰胺；TCAM为三氯乙酰胺.

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表 3 RO膜前处理工艺对DBPs的去除效果

Table 3. Removal effect of DBPs by RO membrane pretreatment

DBPs的类型	去除率	技术类型	数据来源
THMs	83.8%	MF/活性炭/RO	文献[88]
THMs	60%~90%	NF/RO	文献[39]
亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)	66%	RO/UV	文献[89]
亚硝基二甲胺(NDMA)	98%	NF/RO	文献[60]
HAAs	83.77%	RO/UV	文献[90]
N-DBPs	>99%	RO/活性炭	文献[87]
溴化物	70.48%	RO/UV	文献[90]

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