【污染场地修复后土壤与场地安全利用监管技术和标准研究专题】编者按：《土壤污染防治法》和《土壤污染防治行动计划》(简称“《土十条》”)均将严格风险管控作为土壤污染防治的核心要点，突出保障环境安全. 近年来，我国启动了大量的污染场地修复工程，随着工程和管理实践的深入，针对污染场地修复后的土壤和场地再利用的可持续性，需要开展精细化风险管控的相关研究. 基于污染场地再利用的多源案例分析，从多个维度研究我国污染场地土壤修复管控中污染物指标的现状和变化、场地流转与再利用基本特点，并在此基础上提出具有环境管理价值的观点和政策建议. 针对地下水修复的技术不可达性，借鉴美国污染场地地下水修复技术不可达性的涵义、技术不可达性豁免，以及适应性管理、残余风险评估、长期监测管理经验，提出我国地下水修复过程跟踪与再开发利用长期管理技术要求. 通过对修复后重金属和有机污染物污染场地开展现场环境调研监测，结合实验室模拟试验，研究了不同重金属污染物在不同再利用方式下的环境归趋、风险过程、监测及阻控技术. 本专栏的研究工作紧密围绕污染场地修复后土壤与场地安全利用监管主题，开展系统的风险控制方法学研究，提出适宜的管控技术和标准，切实保障我国污染场地的可持续开发利用.
Case Analysis and Environmental Management Significance of Contaminated Site Reuse in China from 2011 to 2021
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摘要: 及时掌握污染场地修复过程中所关注污染物和修复后再利用土地类型信息对深化建设用地环境管理具有重要意义. 本文基于文献调研和信息公示平台资料查询等途径获取了我国537个污染场地案例信息数据，分析了我国近10年来污染场地修复与再利用的变化情况. 统计分析结果表明：我国537个污染场地中约有66%集中在北京市、上海市、浙江省、江苏省和重庆市等先行地区；从2016年《土壤污染防治行动计划》颁布实施开始，场地修复管控数量增势凸显，2018年污染场地修复管控数量达到峰值；原用地类型归属化学工业、金属制品、冶炼等行业的比例较大，且重金属、苯系物为主的再利用挥发性有机物、多环芳烃类为主的半挥发性有机物和总石油烃是典型污染物；在GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》实施前后，包含苯系物、多环芳烃类和总石油烃等污染物的出现频次增加趋势最为明显，而有机农药类和多氯联苯(总量)的出现频次有所减少；污染场地用途大部分是敏感用地类型中的居住用地，且这类场地的原行业类型为化学工业、金属制品等特征污染物危害较大的行业. 研究显示，利好政策和标准的颁布与实施促进了我国经济欠发达地区污染场地的修复管控工作，以多环芳烃类为主的半挥发性有机物是我国未来场地土壤环境治理工作的重点，需要进一步提升对再利用类型为敏感用地类型场地的关注.Abstract: It is of great significance to timely grasp the information of concerned pollutants and reused land types after restoration in the process of contaminated site restoration for deepening the environmental management of construction land. In this study, 537 cases of contaminated sites in China were obtained through literature research and data query of the information disclosure platform, and the changes in remediation and reuse of contaminated sites in the past 10 years were analyzed. The statistical analysis results show that about 66% of the contaminated sites were concentrated in pioneering areas such as Beijing City, Shanghai City, Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province and Chongqing City. Since the promulgation and implementation of the Action Plan for Soil Pollution Prevention and Control in 2016, the number of contaminated sites has increased significantly. In 2018, the number reached a peak. Chemical industry, metal production, smelting and other industries accounted for a large proportion of the original land types. Heavy metals, benzene series mainly volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based semi-volatile organic compounds and total petroleum hydrocarbons were typical pollutants in various industries. Before and after the implementation of Soil Environmental Quality Construction Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standards (Trial) (GB 36600-2018), the pollution occurrence frequency of benzene series, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons increased obviously, while the occurrence frequency of organic pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (total) decreased. The redevelopment and utilization of contaminated sites are mostly residential land in sensitive land types, and the original industry types of such sites are chemical industry, metal products and other industries with more harmful pollutants. The results show that the promulgation and implementation of favorable policies and standards have promoted the remediation and control of contaminated sites in economically underdeveloped areas of China. Semi-volatile organic compounds, mainly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), will be the focus of soil remediation in the future. At the same time, the environmental sensitivity of redevelopment of contaminated sites still needs more attention.
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Key words:
- contaminated site /
- soil reuse /
- pollutant control indicators /
- industry category /
- redevelopment type
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图 1 2011—2021年我国修复/管控污染场地数量、发展趋势及重要利好事件
注：横坐标以GB 36600—2018正式实施日期2018年8月1日为界限，分为8月前和8月后两个阶段；2011—2015年收集到的案例个数较少，故将这5年的案例合并制图.
Figure 1. Number, development trend and key positive events of contaminated sites under restoration/control from 2011 to 2021
图 2 不同行业污染场地特征污染物统计及GB 36600—2018实施前后污染场地修复/管控污染物出现频次分析
注：1)表示污染物清单中的基本项目； 2)表示污染物清单中的其他项目.
Figure 2. Statistics of characteristic pollutants of contaminated sites in different industries and analysis of the frequency of pollutants in contaminated sites remediation/control before and after the implementation of GB 36600—2018
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