【千岛湖水质风险挑战与控制专题】编者按：由于水库水量稳定、水质良好、管理简单，水库成为我国乃至世界上许多大城市的饮用水源地，许多水库还承担着旅游休闲和渔业生产等功能. 因此，良好水质的长期维持成为许多重要水库的管理挑战. 富营养化是水库经常面临的水质风险，氮磷过量输入经常导致水库季节性藻类异常增殖、局部水体缺氧、藻毒素超标、异味物质超标等问题. 由于水库独特的水文过程，水库的富营养化进程快，生态系统脆弱，水质灾害偶发性强，需要更多的观测数据和研究案例对该问题持续探索. 本专题在中国科学院野外站联盟项目“典型大城市水源地水库水环境质量评估”(No.KFJ-SW-YW036)、国家自然科学基金重点项目“水库藻类水华形成的气象水文动力学机制及调控策略研究”(No.41830757)及淳安县生态环境分局招标课题“千岛湖网格化加密监测及数据分析”等资助下，以我国东南丘陵山区成库时间早、城市供水量大、保护力度强的千岛湖为例，以大型深水水库的水质风险挑战与控制为主题，关注当前研究热点，研究内容包括山区流域营养盐来源过程及季节性变化特征、水库富营养化重要指标的时空分异规律、暴雨冲刷的营养盐效应及藻类响应、水库藻类异常增殖风险的模型预测及深水水库原位氮磷净化的工程技术等，从不同角度探讨了大型深水水库水源地的水质风险特征、周年演替过程、预测预警方法及应对控制技术，这些成果的发表可为相关研究及水源地水库水质安全管理提供参考.
Spatio-Temporal Variation of Nutrient Concentrations and Environmental Challenges of Qiandaohu Reservoir, China
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摘要: 为揭示亚热带深水水库水环境变化特征及其驱动力，于2020年5月—2021年4月在千岛湖布设100个监测点，开展了为期1年的逐月水环境调查，分析营养盐时空分布特征及水质风险. 结果表明：千岛湖水体总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a(Chla)、浮游植物生物量(PB)等关键水环境指标时空差异大，全库年均TN浓度为0.92 mg/L，其中月均最大值出现在3月，为1.04 mg/L，最小值出现在8月，为0.78 mg/L，安徽段库区年均值为1.60 mg/L，而东南库湾年均值为0.83 mg/L；全库年均TP浓度为0.021 mg/L，其中月均最大值出现在7月，为0.033 mg/L，最小值出现在11月，为0.013 mg/L，安徽段库区年均值为0.052 mg/L，而东南库湾年均值为0.015 mg/L；全库年均Chla浓度为5.1 µg/L，其中月均最大值出现在7月，为10.0 µg/L，最小值出现在11月，为1.6 µg/L，安徽段库区年均值为11.4 µg/L，而东南库湾年均值为3.0 µg/L；全库全年Chla浓度最大层PB平均值为2.396 mg/L，月均最大值为8.246 mg/L(8月)，最小值为0.557 mg/L(11月)；在空间上，PB最高值出现在城中湖，年均值为3.688 mg/L，最低值出现在西南库湾，年均值为1.740 mg/L. 尽管千岛湖部分水质断面能阶段性保持贫营养水平，但较大比例水域已处于中营养，且在时间上存在不稳定性，暴雨入库期全库TP平均值可达枯水期的3倍，不同月份PB差异可达15倍，表明千岛湖水质的稳定达标存在较大挑战. 在大型深水水库中，气象水文过程对局部库湾水环境指标的冲击较大，藻类对外源负荷入库产生明显放大作用，在水库水环境保护中应将外源负荷控制作为水质风险防控的关键，并重视水库生态系统结构的调控，防控蓝藻和硅藻等水华优势属藻类的过度增殖.Abstract: In order to understand the changing characteristics and drivers of environmental indicators in subtropical deep reservoirs, a one-year monthly 100-point survey of nutrient concentrations and water quality risks in Qiandaohu Reservoir was undertaken from May, 2020 to April, 2021. It was found that the water quality parameters such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chlorophyll a (Chla) and phytoplankton biomass (PB) were significantly different. The annual average TN of the whole lake was 0.92 mg/L, with the highest value of 1.04 mg/L in March, and the lowest value of 0.78 mg/L in August. The Anhui section of the reservoir had the highest annual average TN of 1.60 mg/L, and the lowest TN of 0.83 mg/L in the southeast bay. The annual average TP of the whole lake was 0.021 mg/L, with the highest value of 0.033 mg/L in July, and the lowest value of 0.013 mg/L in November. The Anhui section of the reservoir had highest yearly average TP of 0.052 mg/L, and the lowest TP of 0.015 mg/L in the southeast bay. The annual whole lake average Chla was 5.1 µg/L, with the highest value of 10.0 µg/L in July, and the lowest value of 1.6 µg/L in November. The Anhui section of the reservoir had the highest annual average Chla of 11.4 µg/L, and the lowest Chla of 3.0 µg/L in the southeast bay. The annual whole lake average PB was 2.396 mg/L, with the highest value of 8.246 mg/L in August, and the lowest value of 0.557 mg/L in November. The Chun'an urban bay of the reservoir had the highest annual average PB of 3.688 mg/L, while the lowest PB of 1.740 mg/L in the southwest bay. Although the downstream part of Qiandaohu Reservoir was in an oligotrophic state, a major part of the reservoir was already in a meso-trophic state. The important water parameters were temporarily unstable. The TP concentration in the flood season was 3 times higher than that in the dry season. PB concentration in August was on average 15 times higher than that in November. The annual survey indicates that it is a huge challenge to maintain stable good water quality. As a huge deep reservoir, hydrological and weather processed strongly influence important water quality parameters, such as nutrient concentration and algal biomass. The proliferation of harmful algae shows great uncertainty and poses water quality risks in the huge deep reservoir. To mitigate the high water quality risks, stricter external load control should be the first task. Moreover, it is also necessary to strengthen ecological structure adjustment to prevent excessive proliferation of cyanobacteria and diatoms under suitable weather conditions.
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Key words:
- large deep reservoir /
- eutrophication /
- phytoplankton /
- phosphorus /
- storm flow
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图 2 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖各湖区水体TP浓度
注：AH—安徽段；NW—西北库湾；NE—东北库湾；C—中心库区；SW—西南库湾；LC—城中湖；SE—东南库湾. 下同.
Figure 2. Total phosphorus concentration in different zones of Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
图 3 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖各湖区水体TN浓度
Figure 3. Total nitrogen concentration in different zones of Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
图 4 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖各湖区水体Chla浓度最大层的Chla浓度
Figure 4. Chla concentration in maximal Chla layer of different zones in Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
图 5 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖各湖区Chla浓度最大层Chla浓度的变化
Figure 5. Average Chla concentration in maximal Chla layer of different zones in Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
图 6 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖各湖区Chla浓度最大层浮游植物生物量的月变化情况
Figure 6. Monthly variation of average phytoplankton biomass in maximal Chla layer at different zones of Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
图 7 2020年5月—2021年4月千岛湖不同湖区各门藻类生物量的月变化情况
Figure 7. Monthly variation of phytoplankton biomass of different phylum in 7 ecological zones in Qiandaohu Reservoir from May 2020 to April 2021
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