Real Driving Emission Characteristics of China Ⅵ Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Altitude Conditions in Beijing and Kunming
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摘要: 为研究国Ⅵ混合动力车在北京和昆明海拔条件下的实际道路排放特性差异，在北京和昆明使用便携式车载排放测试系统(portable emissions measurement system, PEMS)对一辆国Ⅵ混合动力车进行实际道路行驶排放测试. 基于实际道路测试的数据，分析了混合动力车在市区、市郊和高速3种类型道路的排放特征，并利用移动平均窗口法和算术平均法计算了混合动力车的排放因子. 结果表明：①在3种道路类型中一氧化碳(CO)排放速率和颗粒物数量(PN)瞬态数值均出现明显的波动，峰值分别达0.18 g/s和3.75×1011个/s，CO排放速率的波动主要集中在高速路，而PN瞬态数值的波动集中在市区和市郊路. 混合动力车的氮氧化物(NOx)排放速率波动主要出现在市区路，且最大值为0.016 g/s. ②由于海拔和工况的影响，与混合动力车在北京的污染物排放测试结果相比，在昆明混合动力车的CO排放因子增加了85%，而NOx和PN排放因子分别下降了37%和27%. ③分别采用移动平均窗口法和算术平均法(代表车辆原始排放结果)对污染物排放进行计算，发现在北京两种算法的结果差异较小，在昆明混合动力车使用算术平均法计算的CO、NOx和PN污染物排放因子结果比移动平均窗口法分别高88%、82%和69%，即在高海拔地区(昆明)混合动力车使用移动平均窗口法计算污染物排放与其原始排放差异较大. ④尽管测试城市海拔升高，车辆风阻和滑行阻力随之减小，但在市区路和市郊路上工况对混合动力车CO2排放的影响大于海拔的影响，混合动力车在昆明的油耗有所增加，CO2排放因子增加了17%. 研究显示，与北京相比，混合动力车在昆明行驶时CO和CO2排放因子均有所上升，而NOx和PN的排放因子有所降低.Abstract: In order to analyze the real-world emission characteristics of China Ⅵ hybrid electric vehicle under the altitude conditions of Beijing and Kunming, a hybrid electric vehicle with China Ⅵ emission standard was tested in Beijing and Kunming using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). Based on the real-world emission test data, the emission characteristics of hybrid electric vehicle on urban, rural and highway roads were analyzed, and emissions of the tested vehicle were estimated using the moving window approach and arithmetic averaging method. The results demonstrated that: (1) The carbon monoxide (CO) and particle numbers (PN) emission rates on the three road types varied significantly, with peak values of 0.18 g/s and 3.75×1011 partical per second, respectively. The fluctuation of CO emission mainly happened on highways, whereas PN emission mainly occurred on urban and rural roads. The fluctuation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission mainly occurred on urban roads, and the maximum value was 0.016 g/s. (2) Due to effect of altitude and working conditions, CO emission factors of the tested vehicle in Kunming increased by 85% compared to Beijing, while the NOx and PN emission factors decreased by 37% and 27%, respectively. (3) The pollutant emissions were calculated using the moving window approach and the arithmetic average method (representing the original vehicle emission results). The results show that the emissions calculated by the two algorithms in Beijing were very similar. However, in Kunming, the CO, NOx and PN emission factors calculated using the arithmetic average method were 88%, 82% and 69% higher than those determined by the moving window approach, respectively. That is, at high altitudes (Kunming), the pollutant emissions of the tested vehicle using the moving window approach differ significantly from the original emissions of the tested vehicle. (4) The influence of working conditions on the CO2 emission factors of the tested vehicle on urban and rural roads was greater than the effect of altitude, resulting in an increase in fuel consumption and a 17% rise in CO2 emission factors in Kunming. The results also show that the CO and CO2 emission factors in Kunming increased compared with Beijing, whereas NOx and PN emission factors decreased.
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图 1 北京RDE工况下混合动力车污染物排放速率的分布特征
Figure 1. Distribution characteristics of pollutant emission rates of hybrid electric vehicle under RDE conditions in Beijing
图 2 不同Bin下CO、NOx和PN的平均排放速率
Figure 2. Average emission rates of CO, NOx and PN in different Bin
表 1 混合动力车行驶特征参数与动力学参数
Table 1. Driving characteristic parameters and dynamic parameters of hybrid electric vehicle
测试城市 道路类型 RPA/(m/s2) 怠速时间
占比/%加速1)时间
占比/%减速1)时间
占比/%纯电机工作2)
时间占比/%平均车速/
(km/h)里程占比/
%最大车速/
(km/h)北京 市区 0.156 16.03 39.48 28.63 25.70 22.7 30.3 59.8 市郊 0.081 4 — 29.74 29.58 3.48 75.4 33.4 89.2 高速 0.062 0 — 31.34 25.05 — 103.7 36.3 111.3 昆明 市区 0.199 8.83 39.08 34.54 18.51 20.0 30.7 60.0 市郊 0.150 — 45.67 39.62 4.49 71.7 32.7 90.0 高速 0.125 — 41.42 46.07 — 98.7 36.5 115.5 注：1)驾驶期间的加速和减速分别定义为加速度>0.1 m/s2和<−0.1 m/s2. 2)纯电机工作定义为速度≥1 km/h，转速为0. 
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表 2 窗口正常性和完整性校验
Table 2. Window normality and completeness check
测试城市 验证 窗口 市区路 市郊路 高速路 北京 完整性 数量/个 3 189 1 498 1 284 占比/% 51.6 28.4 20.0 正常性 数量/个 2 764 1 520 1 072 占比/% 100 100 100 昆明 完整性 数量/个 2 855 630 979 占比/% 57.9 23.2 18.8 正常性 数量/个 2 851 625 979 占比/% 94.7 51.8 100
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表 3 不同道路类型及工况下混合动力车污染物排放对比
Table 3. Comparison of pollutant emission factors of hybrid electric vehicle under different road types and working conditions
测试
城市不同道路
类型或工况CO排放因子/
(mg/km)NOx排放因子/
(mg/km)PN排放因子/
(个/km)北京 市区路 197.8 4 5.02×1011 市郊路 93.9 2.6 1.83×1011 高速路 171.5 1.4 4.21×1010 RDE综合工况 154.8 2.7 2.45×1011 WLTC工况 111.7 4.1 2.8×1011 昆明 市区路 376.7 2.5 4.19×1011 市郊路 272.3 1.5 8.93×1011 高速路 207 1.2 2.44×1011 RDE综合工况 286.3 1.7 1.8×1011 WLTC工况 111.7 4.1 2.8×1011
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表 4 不同计算方法下混合动力车污染物排放因子对比
Table 4. Comparison of pollutant emission factors of hybrid electric vehicle under different calculation methods
计算方法 测试城市 CO排放因子/
(mg/km)NOx排放因子/
(mg/km)PN排放因子/
(个/km)移动平均
窗口法北京 154.8 2.7 2.45×1011 昆明 286.3 1.7 1.80×1011 算术
平均法北京 154.7 3.5 2.03×1011 昆明 538.6 3.1 3.04×1011
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表 5 不同测试工况下混合动力车在2个城市的CO2排放因子
Table 5. CO2 emission factors of hybrid electric vehicle under different tested conditions in 2 cities
测试城市 CO2排放因子/(g/km) 综合工况 市区路 市郊路 高速路 北京
昆明125.50
146.30141.97
202.52108.93
135.99128.84
112.57
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