全氟和多氟烷基类物质在大气环境中的存在和行为研究进展

史亚利; 张博钠; 郑哲; 蔡亚岐

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.14

【POPs污染防治与成效专题】编者按：国际社会于2001年5月共同通过了《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》，旨在保护人类健康和环境免受持久性有机污染物(POPs)的危害. 作为首批缔约国之一，在过去20年间，我国政府高度重视履约工作，且取得了积极进展. 但是，目前每年仍有大量拟新增列物质在议，涉及行业广、部门多、产业链长，管控难度大. 作为最大的发展中国家和化学品生产、使用大国，我国在POPs环境管控方面仍面临挑战. 本专题围绕POPs污染防治与成效主题，关注当前研究热点，研究内容涉及POPs物质的环境归趋、生态健康风险、行业标准等，研究对象包括全氟化合物、氯化石蜡、二噁英、六溴环十二烷等. 该专题从不同角度报道了我国POPs物质的研究现状，以期为我国POPs物质的履约工作提供支持.

全氟和多氟烷基类物质在大气环境中的存在和行为研究进展

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.14

史亚利^{1, 2, 3,},
张博钠^{1, 2, 3},
郑哲⁴,
蔡亚岐^{1, 2, 3, ,}

1.
国科大杭州高等研究院环境学院，浙江杭州　310024
2.
中国科学院生态环境研究中心，环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室，北京　100085
3.
中国科学院大学，北京　100049
4.
生态环境部对外合作与交流中心，北京　100035

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(No.2019YFD0901104)；国家自然科学基金项目(No.22176198)

详细信息

作者简介:
史亚利（1978-），河北保定人，研究员，博士，主要从事新污染物的分析方法、环境行为及人体暴露研究，shiyali@rcees.ac.cn

通讯作者:
蔡亚岐(1964-)，陕西宝鸡人，研究员，博士，主要从事新污染物的色谱质谱分析及环境化学研究，caiyaqi@rcees.ac.cn

中图分类号: X592
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-18
- 修回日期: 2022-06-08

Research Progress on Existence and Behavior of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Atmosphere

SHI Yali^{1, 2, 3
,},
ZHANG Bona^{1, 2, 3},
ZHENG Zhe⁴,
CAI Yaqi^{1, 2, 3
, ,}

1.
School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
2.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4.
Foreign Environmental Cooperation Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program, China (No.2019YFD0901104)；National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.22176198)

摘要

摘要: 全氟和多氟烷基类物质(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)是一类含有至少一个碳氟键的人工合成有机化合物，因其特殊的理化性质具有广泛应用，其生产和使用历史至今已有70余年，多数此类物质具有生物累积性、毒性和长距离迁移性，因此其环境污染问题备受关注. 全球各环境介质均存在PFASs的普遍污染，其相关研究尤其是水环境中PFASs的行为和归趋等方面的研究已取得了长足的进展. 然而，PFASs在人类赖以生存的大气环境中的研究却相对较少，目前研究显示，大气也是PFASs迁移和转化的重要媒介，对PFASs长距离传输及风险等有重要影响. 本文通过文献调研对大气环境中PFASs的存在、来源、分布以及人群通过室内外空气、灰尘途径摄入PFASs引起的人体暴露研究进行归纳总结，以期为大气中PFASs环境行为和风险评估研究提供参考，最后对相关研究的发展趋势进行了展望. 分析发现，PFASs大气研究多数集中在其相关产品的生产、使用和处置等重要点源的释放及对周围环境的影响方面，离子型PFASs (i-PFASs)和中性PFASs (n-PFASs)分别是大气颗粒相和气相中存在的主要PFASs，其中氟调聚醇是主要的n-PFASs；i-PFASs的污染因场所、地区等的不同有所差异；近年来大气中短链PFASs对总PFASs的贡献呈现出逐渐上升的趋势；大气中的PFASs可通过干湿沉降去除，其中湿沉降对去除的贡献更大；与饮食摄入相比，灰尘摄入和呼吸等途径对于普通人群暴露PFASs产生的健康风险较低，但儿童通过灰尘以及某些职业人群通过呼吸摄入PFASs的较高风险应该引起重视.
- 全氟和多氟烷基类物质(PFASs) /
- 空气污染 /
- 环境行为 /
- 人体暴露
Abstract: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a class of man-made organic chemicals containing at least one C-F bond, have been produced and widely used for more than 70 years due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their environmental pollution problems are of great concern in consideration of their bioaccumulation, toxicity, and long-distance transport potential. Numerous studies have shown that PFASs are ubiquitous in different environmental matrices around the world. The environmental behavior of PFASs in aquatic systems has been extensively studied. Limited studies of PFASs in the atmosphere showed that atmospheric environment, as an important medium for the transport and transformation of PFASs, has an important impact on the long-distance transport and environmental risks of PFASs. This paper summarized the literature on the existence, sources, and distribution of PFASs in the atmospheric environment and human exposure to PFASs through indoor and outdoor air and dust in order to provide a reference for the environmental behavior and risk assessment of PFASs in the atmosphere. Additionally, the future perspective of related research was also discussed. It was found that the relevant studies have mostly focused on emission characteristics of PFASs from the point sources associated with their production, use and disposal, and the impact on the surrounding environment. Ionic PFASs (i-PFASs) were usually the main compounds in the atmospheric particulate phase, while neutral PFASs (n-PFASs) were predominant in the gas phase. N-PFASs were generally dominated by fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs). The contamination of i-PFASs varied by different sites and regions. In recent years, the contribution of short-chain PFASs to the total concentrations of PFASs in the atmosphere was gradually increased. PFASs in the atmosphere could be removed via wet and dry deposition, with wet deposition accounting for a larger proportion. Compared with dietary intake, the intake via dust ingestion and inhalation contributed less for non-occupational population exposure to PFASs. Nevertheless, the higher risks of PFAS exposure via dust ingestion for children and via inhalation for some occupational populations deserve further attention.
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) /
- air pollution /
- environmental behavior /
- human exposure
注释:

【POPs污染防治与成效专题】编者按：国际社会于2001年5月共同通过了《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》，旨在保护人类健康和环境免受持久性有机污染物(POPs)的危害. 作为首批缔约国之一，在过去20年间，我国政府高度重视履约工作，且取得了积极进展. 但是，目前每年仍有大量拟新增列物质在议，涉及行业广、部门多、产业链长，管控难度大. 作为最大的发展中国家和化学品生产、使用大国，我国在POPs环境管控方面仍面临挑战. 本专题围绕POPs污染防治与成效主题，关注当前研究热点，研究内容涉及POPs物质的环境归趋、生态健康风险、行业标准等，研究对象包括全氟化合物、氯化石蜡、二噁英、六溴环十二烷等. 该专题从不同角度报道了我国POPs物质的研究现状，以期为我国POPs物质的履约工作提供支持.

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表 1 PFASs的中英文全称、简称、分子式及CAS编号

Table 1. Name, abbreviation, molecular formula and CAS number of PFASs

化合物全称	简称	分子式	CAS编号
三氟乙酸(Trifluoroacetic acid)	TFA	CF₃COOH	76-05-1
全氟丁酸(Perfluorobutanoic acid)	PFBA	C₃F₇COOH	375-22-4
全氟戊酸(Perfluoropentanoic acid)	PFPeA	C₄F₉COOH	2706-90-3
全氟己酸(Perfluorohexanoic acid)	PFHxA	C₅F₁₁COOH	307-24-4
全氟庚酸(Perfluoroheptanioc acid)	PFHpA	C₆F₁₃COOH	375-85-9
全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid)	PFOA	C₇F₁₅COOH	335-67-1
全氟壬酸(Perfluorononanoic acid)	PFNA	C₈F₁₇COOH	375-95-1
全氟癸酸(Perfluorodecanoic acid)	PFDA	C₉F₁₉COOH	335-76-2
全氟丁基磺酸(Perfluorobutane sulfonate)	PFBS	C₄F₉KO₃S	29420-49-3
全氟己基磺酸(Perfluorohexane sulfonate)	PFHxS	C₆F₁₃NaO₃S	82382-12-5
全氟辛基磺酸(Perfluorooctane sulfonate)	PFOS	C₈F₁₇NaO₃S	4021-47-0
全氟壬基磺酸(Perfluoronontane sulfonate)	PFNS	C₉F₁₉NaO₃S	68259-12-1
6∶2氟调聚醇(6∶2 Fluorotelomer alcohol)	6∶2 FTOH	C₈F₁₃H₄OH	647-42-7
8∶2氟调聚醇(8∶2 Fluorotelomer alcohol)	8∶2 FTOH	C₁₀F₁₇H₄OH	678-39-7
10∶2氟调聚醇(10∶2 Fluorotelomer alcohol)	10∶2 FTOH	C₁₂F₂₁H₄OH	865-86-1
全氟辛基磺酰胺(Perfluorooctane sulfonamide)	FOSA	C₈H₂F₁₇NO₂S	754-91-6
N-甲基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide)	MeFOSA	C₉H₄F₁₄NO₂S	31506-32-8
N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺(N-Ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamide)	EtFOSA	C₁₀H₆F₁₇NO₂S	4151-50-2
N-甲基全氟辛基磺酰胺乙醇(N-Methyl perfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol)	MeFOSE	C₁₁H₈F₁₇NO₃S	24448-09-7
N-乙基全氟辛基磺酰胺乙醇(N-Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol)	EtFOSE	C₁₂H₁₀F₁₇NOS	4151-50-2
6∶2氟调聚磷酸双酯(6∶2 Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diester)	6∶2 diPAP	C₁₆H₈F₂₆NaO₄P	407582-79-0
8∶2氟调聚磷酸双酯(8∶2 Polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diester)	8∶2 diPAP	C₂₀H₈F₃₄NaO₄P	—
6∶2氯代多氟醚磺酸(6∶2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid)	6∶2 Cl-PFESA	C₈ClF₁₆KO₄S	73606-19-6
8∶2氯代多氟醚磺酸(8∶2 Chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonic acid)	8∶2 Cl-PFESA	C₁₀ClF₂₀KO₄S	83329-89-9

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