《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》实施对火化炉烟气二噁英减排的影响

尹文华; 刘丽君; 李旭东; 谢丹平; 杨艳艳; 韩静磊; 彭江波; 何志远; 冯桂贤; 黄汉明

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.25

《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》实施对火化炉烟气二噁英减排的影响

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.25

生态环境部华南环境科学研究所，广东广州　510655

基金项目: 广东省省级环保专项(No.PM-zx443-201703-132)；深圳市可持续发展科技专项项目(No.KCXFZ20201221173402007)；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项资金自由探索项目(No.PM-zx703-202112-338)

详细信息

作者简介:
尹文华（1986-），男，江西吉安人，工程师，硕士，主要从事固废资源化和环境中持久性有机污染物监测研究，yinwenhua@scies.org

通讯作者:
①刘丽君(1991-)，女，贵州毕节人，工程师，硕士，主要从事固体废物无害化及资源化利用安全性、持久性有机污染物生成和控制等研究，liulijun@scies.org

②杨艳艳(1987-)，女，河南周口人，助理研究员，硕士，主要从事环境中持久性有机污染物监测研究，yangyanyan@scies.org

中图分类号: X51
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-02-07
- 修回日期: 2022-05-27
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-13

Impacts of Implementation of Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Crematory on Reduction of PCDD/Fs Emissions from Cremation Plants

South China Institute of Environment Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China

Funds: Special Project of Environmental Protection of the Guangdong Province (No.PM-zx443-201703-132)；Shenzhen Special Sustainable Development Science and Technology Project, China (No.KCXFZ20201221173402007)；Free Exploration Project of Special Research Funds for the Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution, China (No.PM-zx703-202112-338)

摘要

摘要: 为调查殡葬行业大气污染物排放新标准《火葬场大气污染物排放标准》(GB 13801—2015)实施4年后火化烟气中二英(PCDD/Fs)的污染排放特征及其对行业的影响，在我国南方地区选取了32台火化炉，对其排放烟气中PCDD/Fs水平、影响因素、排放因子进行了研究，并评估标准实施4年后的效果. 结果表明：①火化烟气PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计，下同)为0.033~7.4 ng/m³，平均值为1.1 ng/m³，PCDD/Fs超标率为56.2%，其中拣灰炉和平板炉超标率分别为62.5%和50.0%. 与GB 13801—2015实施前相比，火化炉废气中PCDD/Fs排放浓度显著下降，说明PCDD/Fs污染减排成效明显，但排放水平和超标率仍较高. ②有无废气处理工艺、运行管理水平、随葬品数量与PCDD/Fs排放浓度密切相关. 废气处理设施缺失或无法正常运行时PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度为0.32~7.4 ng/m³，平均值为2.5 ng/m³，超标率达75.0%；配备“活性炭吸附(ACI)+布袋除尘(BF)”工艺且运行正常时，PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度范围为0.033~4.5 ng/m³，平均值为0.83 ng/m³，超标率为58.3%，可能与部分处理设施使用率低、运行不佳和维护不到位等原因有关. 指纹特征显示，无废气处理工艺时七氯代、八氯代同系物占比较高；配备“ACI+BF”处理设施时以四氯代、五氯代同系物为主，证实该工艺组合主要去除高氯代同系物. ③火化炉废气PCDD/Fs排放因子(以I-TEQ计，下同)为67.8~39 981 ng/具，平均值为4 217 ng/具，显著低于联合国环境规划署(UNEP)于2005年发布的第1和第2级排放因子(分别为90和10 μg/具)，但高于其优化控制措施的排放因子(0.4 μg/具). 研究显示，未来需加强对我国遗体火化PCDD/Fs减排的技术帮扶及排放因子的更新.
- 殡葬行业 /
- 二英 /
- 排放特征 /
- 排放因子 /
- 效果评估
Abstract: In order to investigate the pollution emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs in cremation flue gas after the implementation of the Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Crematory (GB 13801—2015) for the funeral and interment industry and its effect on the industry, we selected 32 crematories in the southern China, and studied the pollution levels, influence factors and emission factors of PCDD/Fs in flue gas. Then the effects after 4 years of implementation of the standards were evaluated. The results showed that: (1) The toxic equivalent concentration of PCDD/Fs was 0.033-7.4 ng/m³, the average was 1.1 ng/m³, and the total exceeding rate was 56.2%. Among them, the PCDD/Fs exceeding rate of car type crematories and flat crematories was 62.5% and 50.0%, respectively. Compared with the research results in this region before the implementation of GB 13801-2015, the average level of PCDD/Fs emissions in the crematories exhaust gas decreased significantly, indicating that the effect of PCDD/Fs pollution reduction was obvious, but the emission level and excess rate were still high. (2) The concentrations of PCDD/Fs emissions was closely related the presence or absence waste gas treatment processes, operation management level, and the amount of burial objects. The toxic equivalent concentration of PCDD/Fs in cremation exhaust gas that was missing or could not be operated normally was 0.32-7.4 ng/m³, with an average value of 2.5 ng/m³, and the excess rate was as high as 75.0%. When the crematory was in normal operation with activated carbon adsorption and bag filter (‘ACI+BF’), the PCDD/Fs toxicity equivalent concentration range was 0.033-4.5 ng/m³, the average value was 0.83 ng/m³, and the excess rate was 58.3%, which may be due to the low utilization rate, poor operation and inadequate maintenance of some treatment facilities. Fingerprint characteristics showed that the proportion of heptachloride and octachloro homologues was higher when there was no waste gas treatment process, and relatively high tetrachloro and pentachloro homologues with the process of ‘ACI+BF’. It was confirmed that this process combination mainly removed high-chlorinated homologues. (3) The PCDD/Fs emission factor of the exhaust gas from the crematories was 67.8-39,981 ng/corpse, with an average value of 4,217 ng/corpse, which was significantly lower than the 1^st and 2^nd level emission factors (90 μg/corpse, 10 μg/corpse) released by UNEP in 2005, but higher than the emission factor of optimized control measures (0.4 μg/corpse). Future efforts should be tailored to technical assistance for pollution abatement and update the industry emission factors for PCDD/Fs in cremation.
- funeral industry /
- PCDD/Fs /
- emission characteristics /
- emission factors /
- evaluated the effects

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图 1 烟气中PCDD/Fs同类物占比

Figure 1. Content distribution of PCDD/Fs congeners in flue gas

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图 2 随葬品多寡对二英排放水平和超标率的影响

Figure 2. PCDD/Fs emission and the exceeding rates when there were more or less funerary objects

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表 1 殡仪馆现场调查情况

Table 1. On-site investigation of funeral parlor

殡仪馆编号	炉型¹⁾	随葬品情况	烟气处理设施
A	拣灰炉、平板炉	无随葬品	旋风除尘+干法脱酸+ACI+BF
B	拣灰炉	少量衣物	旋风除尘+干法脱酸+ACI+BF
B	平板炉	无随葬品	旋风除尘+干法脱酸+ACI+BF
C	拣灰炉、平板炉	少量衣物	旋风除尘+干法脱酸+ACI+BF
D	拣灰炉、平板炉	衣服、被子、环保袋、纸钱	旋风除尘+干法脱酸+ACI+BF
E	拣灰炉、平板炉	木棺、衣服	旋风除尘+湿法脱酸+ACI+BF
F	拣灰炉、平板炉	木棺、衣服	旋风除尘+ACI+BF
G	拣灰炉	木棺、衣服	旋风除尘+ACI+BF
G	平板炉	无随葬品	旋风除尘+ACI+BF
H	拣灰炉、平板炉	环保棺、衣服	旋风除尘+ACI+BF
I	拣灰炉	纸棺、少量纸钱	湿法脱酸+旋风除尘+ACI+BF
I	平板炉	木棺、纸钱	湿法脱酸+旋风除尘+ACI+BF
J	拣灰炉、平板炉	少量衣物	水幕除尘+旋风除尘+ACI+BF
K	拣灰炉、平板炉	环保棺、衣服	旋风除尘+布袋除尘+蜂窝活性炭吸附
L	拣灰炉、平板炉	少量衣物	布袋除尘+蜂窝活性炭吸附
M	平板炉	无随葬品	无法正常运行
N	拣灰炉	棉木、纸钱、棉被、衣物、草席	无法正常运行
O	拣灰炉、平板炉	寿衣、裹尸胶纸、纸棺	无法正常运行
P	拣灰炉、平板炉	木棺、衣服、被、纸钱	无
Q	拣灰炉、平板炉	无随葬品	无
注：1)南方地区火化机有平板式、台车式两种，分别称为平板炉(普通炉)和拣灰炉(高档炉).

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表 2 近年来火化机烟气中PCDD/Fs排放情况

Table 2. PCDD/Fs emission from crematories in recent years

年份	毒性当量浓度/(ng/m³)			超标率/%			烟气含氧量	数据来源
年份	最小值	最大值	平均值	火化炉(含拣灰炉和平板炉)	拣灰炉	平板炉	烟气含氧量	数据来源
2015	0.027	16	3.2	56.2	75.0	37.5	17.8%(范围为11.5%~20.7%)	文献[28]
2017	0.014	24	2.7	61.1	—	—	—	文献[29]
2019	0.033	7.4	1.1	56.2	62.5	50.0	18.2%(范围为11.1%~20.0%)	该研究

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表 3 有无烟气处理工艺时PCDD/Fs排放水平和超标率

Table 3. PCDD/Fs emission and the exceeding rates with or without flue gas treatment processes

主要烟气处理工艺组合	烟气含氧量	毒性当量浓度/(ng/m³)	超标率/%
直排或处理设施无法正常运行	19.1%(范围为14.1%~20.0%)	2.5(范围为0.32~7.4)	75.0
含“ACI+BF”处理设施	17.7%(范围为11.1%~17.8%)	0.83(范围为0.033~4.5)	58.3

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