我国氯化石蜡的环境赋存、人群暴露与管控：现状及展望

宋博宇; 白露; 黎娟; 高鹏; 张彩丽; 高洁玉; 王亚韡

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.27

我国氯化石蜡的环境赋存、人群暴露与管控：现状及展望

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.06.27

宋博宇^1,,
白露^{2, 3, 4},
黎娟³,
高鹏¹,
张彩丽¹,
高洁玉¹,
王亚韡^{2, 3, 4}

1.
生态环境部对外合作与交流中心，北京　100035
2.
国科大杭州高等研究院，浙江杭州　310000
3.
中国科学院生态环境研究中心，环境化学与生态毒理学国家重点实验室，北京　100085
4.
中国科学院大学，北京　100049

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(No.21625702, 22136006, 22021003)

详细信息

作者简介:
宋博宇（1988-），男，吉林公主岭人，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事POPs控制技术与管理政策研究，song.boyu@fecomee.org.cn

中图分类号: X503
计量
- 文章访问数: 294
- HTML全文浏览量: 45
- PDF下载量: 84
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-14
- 修回日期: 2022-06-20

Occurrence, Population Exposure and Control of Chlorinated Paraffins in China: Current Situation and Prospect

SONG Boyu^1
,,
BAI Lu^{2, 3, 4},
LI Juan³,
GAO Peng¹,
ZHANG Caili¹,
GAO Jieyu¹,
WANG Yawei^{2, 3, 4}

1.
Foreign Economic Cooperation Office, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100035, China
2.
Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21625702, 22136006, 22021003)

摘要

摘要: 氯化石蜡(Chlorinated paraffin，CPs)是一类人工合成化学品，被广泛用作阻燃剂和增塑剂，在生产和使用过程中释放到多种环境介质中(如水、沉积物、灰尘、空气和土壤等). 短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)作为新增持久性有机污染物已于2017年被正式列入《关于持久性有机物的斯德哥尔摩公约》附件A中，中链氯化石蜡(MCCPs)因具有和SCCPs相似的性质和环境效应，已被列入持久性有机污染物候选名单. 我国是CPs的生产和使用大国，但对该类物质的风险评估与管控还存在不足. 本文通过收集并深入讨论已发表的CPs相关文章，在系统梳理不同介质中CPs赋存情况的基础上，利用释放因子解析方法，估算了CPs在生产和使用过程中进入到环境的量，发现土壤介质是环境中CPs的汇. 人类活动、经济活动和经济水平等对CPs在不同区域的赋存具有重要影响. 对人群暴露途径解析表明，职业暴露场景显著高于其他场景；生态风险和人体暴露风险评估表明，目前CPs对我国生态环境与人体健康的危害整体上还处于较低水平. 另外，本文介绍了国内外对于SCCPs和MCCPs的管控措施，并基于化学品管理和风险评估的考虑，提出未来亟需深入开展MCCPs和LCCPs (长链氯化石蜡)的迁移转化和风险研究，特别是评估CPs管控造成的潜在经济、社会和环境影响. 相关数据及分析可更好地为CPs产品的管控和国家开展履约行动提供科学数据和技术支撑，并为将来可能的CPs淘汰政策的制定提供参考.
- 氯化石蜡 (CPs) /
- 排放清单 /
- 健康风险 /
- 化学品管控
Abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are synthetic chemicals, widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. CPs can be released into various environmental media, such as water, sediment, dust, air, and soil. Short-chain CPs (SCCPs). were officially listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 2017, and medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) were included POPs candidates by the Convention due to their persistence, bioaccumulations, long range atmospheric transport and adverse effects on ecosystem and organisms. As the major global producer and consumer of CPs, China is facing a huge environmental burden from these compounds. There is a great demand for CPs control and risk assessment, however, there are still many defects in basic research in this field. Based on the in-depth discussion of published related studies, this study estimates the emission of CPs to the environment through production and use, sorts out the occurrence of CPs in different environmental media, and looks forward the possible gap between the research and the chemical managements. The key findings from this review are that: (1) Soil is the sink of CPs in the environment; (2) Human activities, economic activities and economic level have important impacts on the occurrence of CPs in different regions; (3) The risk assessment indicates that ecological risk and human exposure risk of CPs at present levels are relatively low. Furthermore, this study introduces the control measures of SCCPs and MCCPs at home and abroad. In view of the consideration of chemical management and risk assessment, there is urgent need to carry out research on the migration, transformation, and exposure risk of MCCPs and LCCPs, especially to assess the potential economic, social, and environmental impact ascribed to the control management of CPs. This critical review provides important scientific data and technical support for the control of CPs products and national implementation of the Stockholm Convention. Moreover, this study will provide solid support for the risk assessment and possible control management of CPs in China.
- chlorinated paraffin /
- emission inventory /
- health risks /
- chemical control

HTML全文

图 1 2019年中国SCCPs和MCCPs从生产、使用到排放的质量平衡分析

Figure 1. Mass balance of SCCPs and MCCPs in China from production, use to emission in 2019

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 CPs的生命周期

Figure 2. The CPs life cycle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 国际CPs管控进程时间轴

Figure 3. Timeline of international control process of CPs

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同环境介质中CPs的含量

Table 1. CPs concentration in different environmental media

地区	时间	样品类别	单位	SCCPs含量		MCCPs含量		数据来源
地区	时间	样品类别	单位	中间值	范围	中间值	范围	数据来源
中国18个城市	2008年	气相	ng/m³	116	13.5~517	—	—	文献[12]
中国山东省	2016年	气相	ng/m³	—	98~988	—	—	文献[11]
印度	2006年	气相	ng/m³	10.2	<2.65~47.4	3.62	<1.8~38.2	文献[13]
日本	2008年	气相	ng/m³	1.19	0.28~14.2	—	—	文献[12]
韩国	2008年	气相	ng/m³	1.12	0.60~8.96	—	—	文献[12]
瑞士	2011年	气相	ng/m³	4.3	1.8~17	—	—	文献[14]
巴基斯坦	2011年	气相	ng/m³	5.13	<2.65~14.2	4.21	<1.8~9.45	文献[13]
瑞士	2013年	气相	ng/m³	2.7	1.1~42	—	—	文献[14]
挪威	2013—2014年	气相	ng/m³	9.6	1.7~54	1.2	<0.35~13	文献[15]
中国10个城市	2013—2014年	颗粒相	ng/m³	19.9	1.98~274	15.6	1.27~312	文献[16]
中国山东省	2016年	颗粒相	ng/m³	—	32~454	—	—	文献[11]
中国北京市	2016年	颗粒相	ng/m³	14.9	9.2~19.6	1.7	0.6~2.7	文献[17]
中国北京市	2016年	河流	ng/L	456	77~652	—	—	文献[18]
中国北京市	2016年	湖泊	ng/L	124	<18~377	—	—	文献[18]
中国上海市	2016年	河流	ng/L	278	15.0~1 640	939	40.3~3 870	文献[19]
美国	2000—2004年	河流	ng/L	1.194	0.606~1.935	0.0074	<0.000 5~0.047	文献[20]
法国	2015年	河流	ng/L	—	<50~200	—	—	文献[21]
中国31个省份	2016年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	374	39~1 609	860	127~1 969	文献[22]
中国台州市	2017年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	—	68.5~2.20×10⁵	—	507~4.40×10⁶	文献[23]
中国江苏省	2018年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	154	37.5～995.7	121	15.1~739.6	文献[24]
挪威	2008年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	22	<0.6~490	—	—	文献[25]
英国	2008年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	50	<0.8~570	—	—	文献[25]
瑞士	1989—2014年	土壤	ng/g¹⁾	—	3.0~35	—	5.1~160	文献[26]
中国山东省	2009年	河流沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	160	8.4~2 000	360	1.8~3 200	文献[27]
中国山东省	2009年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	11.0	5~22	9.0	6~63	文献[27]
中国珠三角地区	2013年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	173	46.3~1 540	868	102~6 650	文献[28]
中国深圳市	2013年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	401	14.7~574	541	10.9~2 500	文献[28]
中国香港	2013年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	12.2	<0.6~75.9	12.5	<1.0~286	文献[28]
中国上海市	2016年	河流沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	89.3	<1.70~2 020	947	10.1~10 800	文献[19]
西班牙	2003年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	0.46	0.21~2.09	—	—	文献[29]
日本	2013年	海洋沉积物	ng/g¹⁾	8.0	1.3~27.4	16.6	3.2~56.8	文献[28]
注：1)表示以干质量计.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 CPs在母乳及血液中的暴露浓度

Table 2. Exposure concentration of CPs in breast milk and blood

地区	时间	样品类别	单位	SCCPs含量		MCCPs含量		LCCPs含量		数据来源
地区	时间	样品类别	单位	中间值	范围	中间值	范围	中间值	范围	数据来源
中国11个省份	2017年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	393	131~808	494.5	94~1 714	—	—	文献[58]
中国11个省份	2017年	农村母乳	ng/g¹⁾	478.5	139~1 543	572	211~1 089	—	—	文献[58]
中国12个省份	2007年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	681	170~6 150	60.4	18.7~350	—	—	文献[59]
中国8个省份	2007年	农村母乳	ng/g¹⁾	303	68~1 580	35.7	9.05~139	—	—	文献[60]
中国16个省份	2011年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	733	131~16100	137	22.3~1 501	—	—	文献[59]
中国16个省份	2011年	农村母乳	ng/g¹⁾	360	65.6~2 310	45.4	9.51~146	—	—	文献[60]
中国北京市	2007—2009年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	28	<20~54	—	—	—	—	文献[61]
中国绍兴市	2010年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	37.9	<12~124	121	38~187	14.6	4.90~184	文献[62]
中国上海市	2015—2016年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	35.0	<12~676	70.1	38~1 260	10.5	<1.1~56.9	文献[62]
中国嘉兴市	2015—2016年	城市母乳	ng/g¹⁾	28.6	<12~642	63.0	<16~547	5.23	<1.1~18.4	文献[62]
中国绵阳市	2018年	城市母乳	ng/mL	82.6	29.2~271	26.1	11.0~164	—	—	文献[63]
英国	2001—2002年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	180	<80~820	21.0	6.2~320	—	—	文献[64]
日本	2007—2010年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	<20	<20	—	—	—	—	文献[61]
韩国	2007—2010年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	<20	<20	—	—	—	—	文献[61]
瑞典	2011年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	15.6	<12~24.1	37.3	<16~77.7	4.28	<1.1~21.4	文献[62]
挪威	2014年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	10.2	<12~120	43.1	<16~311	4.26	<1.1~29.0	文献[62]
瑞典	2016年	母乳	ng/g¹⁾	<12	<12~27.8	21.0	<16~60.0	2.80	<1.1~9.34	文献[62]
中国深圳市	2012年	全血	ng/g²⁾	98	14~3500	21	6.3~320	4.5	1.0~21	文献[65]
中国北京市	2013年	母体血清	ng/g²⁾	113	21.7~373	11	3.76~31.8	—	—	文献[66]
中国北京市	2013年	脐带血清	ng/g²⁾	24	8.51~107	3.89	1.33~12.9	—	—	文献[66]
中国大连市	2015年	血浆	ng/g²⁾	26	<12.6~203	—	—	—	—	文献[67]
中国武汉市	2015—2016年	母体血清	ng/mL	66	15.9~584	126	29.3~1 006	—	—	文献[26]
中国武汉市	2015—2016年	脐带血清	ng/mL	37	8.46~223	34.2	13.6~90.1	—	—	文献[26]
中国广州市	2016—2017年	母体血浆	ng/mL	5.93	3.28~10.4	2.88	1.30~5.50	—	—	文献[68]
中国广州市	2016—2017年	脐带血浆	ng/mL	2.65	0.89~4.13	1.18	0.89~1.69	—	—	文献[68]
中国广州市	2018年	血清	ng/mL	1.7	1.0~5.5	1.6	<1.0~2.7	—	—	文献[69]
中国绵阳市	2018年	母体血清	ng/mL	202	51.0~620	57.8	17.4~225	—	—	文献[63]
中国绵阳市	2018年	脐带血清	ng/mL	88.0	13.3~242	26.6	11.9~67.8	—	—	文献[63]
中国济南市	2018—2019年	血清	ng/g²⁾	107	24.2~384	134	23.8~371	—	—	文献[70]
澳大利亚	2002—2015年	血清	ng/g²⁾	0.56	<0.13~0.68	1.0	<0.12~3.1	—	—	文献[71]
注：1)表示以脂质量计；2)表示以湿质量计.

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 CPs的国内外管控措施

Table 3. Management and control of CPs at home and abroad

资料来源	限制条件
欧盟《持久性有机污染物法规》(EU)2019/1021	继续允许生产、投放市场和使用含有SCCPs质量分数低于1%(质量)的物质或混合物或含有浓度低于0.15%(质量)的SCCPs的消费产品；允许使用采矿业中的传送带和2015年12月4日或之前已使用的SCCPs大坝密封剂，以及2012年7月10日或之前已使用的除上述以外含SCCPs的物品
欧盟REACH法规SVHC清单	物品中含有的SCCPs、MCCPs浓度超过0.1%，欧盟生产商或进口商应履行法规规定的告知或通报等义务
欧盟2022年第10次联合执法行动	重点检查REACH法规和POPs法规相关有害物质限制的合规性
挪威《消费性产品中禁用特定有害物质》PoHS	考虑到SCCPs已经被限制，PoHS增加了消费品MCCPs不超过0.1%的限制
加拿大环境保护法(CEPA)	将SCCP列入首要的控制物质清单
美国环境保护局(US EPA)	将SCCP列入TRI (Toxic Release Inventory)有毒物质排放清单
OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100^®及LEATHER STANDARD by OEKO-TEXR^®	SCCPs或MCCPs含量小于10 mg/kg，CPs总量小于50 mg/kg
欧盟RoHS指令	均质材料中，MCCPs浓度不得超过0.1%(质量)
中国重点管控新污染物清单(2021版)	自2024年1月1日起，SCCPs禁止生产、使用和进出口，以下用途除外：在天然及合成橡胶工业中生产传送带时使用的添加剂；采矿业和林业使用的橡胶输送带的备件；皮革业，尤其是皮革加脂；润滑油添加剂，尤其用于汽车、发电机和风能设施的发动机以及油气勘探钻井和生产柴油的炼油厂；户外装饰灯管；防水和阻燃油漆；黏合剂；金属加工；柔性聚氯乙烯的第二增塑剂(但玩具及儿童产品中的使用除外). 废弃的SCCPs应当按照危险废物实施环境管理

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(84)

[1]	郑结斌.中国氯化石蜡行业现状及发展分析[J].中国氯碱,2021(1):22-24. ZHENG J B.Current situation and development analysis of chlorinated paraffin industry in China[J].China Chlor-Alkali,2021(1):22-24.
[2]	张佩萱,高丽荣,宋世杰,等.环境中短链和中链氯化石蜡的来源、污染特征及环境行为研究进展[J].环境化学,2021,40(2):371-383. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020101603 ZHANG P X,GAO L R,SONG S J,et al.Chlorinated paraffins in the environment:a review on their sources,levels and fate[J].Environmental Chemistry,2021,40(2):371-383. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020101603
[3]	吴静,于海斌,张静星,等.短链氯化石蜡分析方法、环境行为与健康效应的研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2022,35(2):462-469. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.12.06 WU J,YU H B,ZHANG J X,et al.Research process on analytical methods,environmental behavior and health of short-chain chlorinated paraffins[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2022,35(2):462-469. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.12.06
[4]	唐恩涛,姚丽芹.氯化石蜡行业现状及发展趋势[J].中国氯碱,2005(2):1-3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1785.2005.02.001 TANG E T,YAO L Q.Industry status of chlorinated paraffin and its development trends[J].China Chlor-Alkali,2005(2):1-3. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1785.2005.02.001
[5]	张玫,李瑞金.短链氯化石蜡环境暴露及毒理学效应研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2019,36(2):178-181. doi: 10.16241/j.cnki.1001-5914.2019.02.023 ZHANG M,LI R J.Environmental exposure and toxic effects of short chain chlorinated paraffins:a review of recent studies[J].Journal of Environment and Health,2019,36(2):178-181. doi: 10.16241/j.cnki.1001-5914.2019.02.023
[6]	EUROPEAN C.Hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment-RoHs[EB/OL].Strasbourg:European Commission,(2019-01-22)[2022-05-20].https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/13469-Hazardous-substances-in-electrical-and-elec tronic-equipment-list-of-restricted-substances-update-_en.
[7]	CHEN C K,CHEN A N,ZHAN F Q,et al.Global historical production,use,in-use stocks,and emissions of short-,medium-,and long-chain chlorinated paraffins[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2022,56(12):7895-7904.
[8]	生态环境部.2020年中国生态环境统计年报[EB/OL].北京:生态环境部,(2022-02-18)[2022-02-18].https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/sthjtjnb/202202/t20220218_969391.shtml.
[9]	ZHANG B Y,ZHAO B,XU C,et al.Emission inventory and provincial distribution of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,581/582:582-588. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.167
[10]	CHEN C K,CHEN A N,LI L,et al.Distribution and emission estimation of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in Chinese products through detection-based mass balancing[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2021,55(11):7335-7343.
[11]	WANG P W,ZHAO N,CUI Y,et al.Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) pollution from a CP production plant in China:dispersion,congener patterns and health risk assessment[J].Chemosphere,2018,211:456-464. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.136
[12]	LI Q L,LI J,WANG Y,et al.Atmospheric short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China,Japan,and the Republic of Korea[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46(21):11948-11954.
[13]	CHAEMFA C,XU Y,LI J,et al.Screening of atmospheric short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in India and Pakistan using polyurethane foam based passive air sampler[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2014,48(9):4799-4808.
[14]	DIEFENBACHER P S,BOGDAL C,GERECKE A C,et al.Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zurich,Switzerland:atmospheric concentrations and emissions[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49(16):9778-9786.
[15]	YUAN B,TAY J H,PADILLA-SÁNCHEZ J A,et al.Human exposure to chlorinated paraffins via inhalation and dust ingestion in a Norwegian cohort[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2021,55(2):1145-1154.
[16]	LIU D,LI Q L,CHENG Z N,et al.Spatiotemporal variations of chlorinated paraffins in PM_2.5 from Chinese cities:implication of the shifting and upgrading of its industries[J].Environmental Pollution,2020,259:113853. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113853
[17]	HUANG H T,GAO L R,XIA D,et al.Characterization of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in outdoor/indoor PM₁₀/PM_2.5/PM_1.0 in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,225:674-680. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.054
[18]	WANG Y J,WANG Y W,JIANG G B.Solid-phase extraction for analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water samples[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2018,46(7):1102-1108. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2040(18)61097-7
[19]	WANG X T,JIA H H,HU B P,et al.Occurrence,sources,partitioning and ecological risk of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in river water and sediments in Shanghai[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,653:475-484. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.391
[20]	HOUDE M,MUIR D C G,TOMY G T,et al.Bioaccumulation and trophic magnification of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in food webs from Lake Ontario and Lake Michigan[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42(10):3893-3899.
[21]	GANDOLFI F,MALLERET L,SERGENT M,et al.Parameters optimization using experimental design for headspace solid phase micro-extraction analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in waters under the European water framework directive[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2015,1406:59-67. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.030
[22]	AAMIR M,YIN S S,ZHOU Y T,et al.Congener-specific C₁₀C₁₃ and C₁₄C₁₇ chlorinated paraffins in Chinese agricultural soils:spatio-vertical distribution,homologue pattern and environmental behavior[J].Environmental Pollution,2019,245:789-798. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.132
[23]	XU C,ZHANG Q,GAO L R,et al.Spatial distributions and transport implications of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soils and sediments from an e-waste dismantling area in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2019,649:821-828. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.355
[24]	HUANG D,GAO L R,QIAO L,et al.Concentrations of and risks posed by short-chain and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil at a chemical industrial park on the southeast coast of China[J].Environmental Pollution,2020,258:113704. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113704
[25]	HALSE A K,SCHLABACH M,SCHUSTER J K,et al.Endosulfan,pentachlorobenzene and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in background soils from Western Europe[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,196:21-28. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.009
[26]	AAMIR M,YIN S S,GUO F J,et al.Congener-specific mother-fetus distribution,placental retention,and transport of C_10-13 and C_14-17 chlorinated paraffins in pregnant women[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2019,53(19):11458-11466.
[27]	PAN X H,TANG J H,TIAN C G,et al.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments from the Laizhou Bay area,North China:implications for transportation from rivers to marine environment[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:1460-1468. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.123
[28]	ZENG L X,LAM J C W,HORII Y,et al.Spatial and temporal trends of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediments off the urbanized coastal zones in China and Japan:a comparison study[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,224:357-367. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.015
[29]	CASTELLS P,PARERA J,SANTOS F J,et al.Occurrence of polychlorinated naphthalenes,polychlorinated biphenyls and short-chain chlorinated paraffins in marine sediments from Barcelona (Spain)[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(9):1552-1562. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.034
[30]	WANG T,HAN S L,YUAN B,et al.Summer-winter concentrations and gas-particle partitioning of short chain chlorinated paraffins in the atmosphere of an urban setting[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,171:38-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.07.025
[31]	LI Q L,GUO M R,SONG H,et al.Size distribution and inhalation exposure of airborne particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers,new brominated flame retardants,organophosphate esters,and chlorinated paraffins at urban open consumption place[J].Science of the Total Environment,2021,794:148695. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148695
[32]	GAO W,CAO D D,WANG Y J,et al.External exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins for the general population in Beijing,China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(1):32-39.
[33]	ZHAO N,CUI Y,WANG P W,et al.Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil,sediment,and seawater in the intertidal zone of Shandong Peninsula,China:distribution and composition[J].Chemosphere,2019,220:452-458. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.063
[34]	WANG H P,CHANG H,ZHANG C X,et al.Occurrence and mass balance of medium- and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in a municipal sewage treatment plant:comparison to short-chain compounds[J].Environment International,2019,133:105273. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105273
[35]	XU G F,ZHAO X J,ZHAO S Y,et al.Insights into the occurrence,fate,and impacts of halogenated flame retardants in municipal wastewater treatment plants[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2021,55(8):4205-4226.
[36]	张贝贝,徐晨烨,周泉,等.短链及中链氯化石蜡在上海市松江区农田土壤中的污染渗透及生态风险[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(11):2757-2768. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.03 ZHANG B B,XU C Y,ZHOU Q,et al.Contamination,penetration and ecological risk assessment of short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in agricultural soils in Songjiang District,Shanghai[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(11):2757-2768. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.03
[37]	LI F F,SHI R G,WANG Y J,et al.The effect of anthropogenic activities on the environmental fate of chlorinated paraffins in surface soil in an urbanized zone of Northern China[J].Environmental Pollution,2021,288:117766. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117766
[38]	XU J Z,GAO Y,ZHANG H J,et al.Dispersion of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (CPs) from a CP production plant to the surrounding surface soils and coniferous leaves[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50(23):12759-12766.
[39]	WENG J Y,ZHANG P X,GAO L R,et al.Concentrations,homolog profiles,and risk assessment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soil around factories in a non-ferrous metal recycling park[J].Environmental Pollution,2022,293:118456. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118456
[40]	WU Y,GAO S T,JI B J,et al.Occurrence of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in soils and sediments from Dongguan City,South China[J].Environmental Pollution,2020,265:114181. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114181
[41]	WU J,GAO W,LIANG Y,et al.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in multi-environmental matrices in the Tibetan Plateau environment of China:a regional scale study[J].Environment International,2020,140:105767. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105767
[42]	LI H J,FU J J,PAN W X,et al.Environmental behaviour of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Ny-Ålesund and London Island,Svalbard,in the Arctic[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,590/591:163-170. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.192
[43]	PAN X H,ZHEN X M,TIAN C G,et al.Distributions,transports and fates of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in a typical river-estuary system[J].Science of the Total Environment,2021,751:141769. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141769
[44]	CHEN H,HAN X,LIANG B W,et al.Spatial distribution,homologue patterns and ecological risks of chlorinated paraffins in mangrove sediments along the South China Coast[J].Environmental Pollution,2022,294:118623. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118623
[45]	LI C,CHEN L F,HE Y J,et al.Migration mechanism and risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in highly polluted Ya'er Lake area,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2021,281:117015. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117015
[46]	ZHANG C X,CHANG H,WANG H P,et al.Spatial and temporal distributions of short-,medium-,and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in sediment cores from nine lakes in China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2019,53(16):9462-9471.
[47]	GLÜGE J,SCHINKEL L,HUNGERBÜHLER K,et al.Environmental risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs):a review[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(12):6743-6760.
[48]	王润华,何俊萍,高丽荣,等.北京市售黄油中短链及中链氯化石蜡的污染特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(11):2473-2480. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018010801 WANG R H,HE J P,GAO L R,et al.Characterization of short-and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in butter in Beijing[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(11):2473-2480. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2018010801
[49]	PERKONS I,ABDULAJEVA E,BARTKIENE E,et al.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in commercial complementary baby food produced in different European countries:occurrence,congener group profiles,portion-based dietary intake,and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2022,814:152733. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152733
[50]	DING L,ZHANG S W,ZHU Y T,et al.Overlooked long-chain chlorinated paraffin (LCCP) contamination in foodstuff from China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2021,801:149775. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149775
[51]	WANG Y J,WU X Y,WANG Y X,et al.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in green tea from 11 Chinese provinces and their migration from packaging[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2022,427:128192. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128192
[52]	GAO W,CAO D D,LV K,et al.Elimination of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in diet after Chinese traditional cooking:a cooking case study[J].Environment International,2019,122:340-345. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.025
[53]	LIU L H,MA W L,LIU L Y,et al.Occurrence,sources and human exposure assessment of SCCPs in indoor dust of northeast China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,225:232-243. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.008
[54]	SHI L M,GAO Y,ZHANG H J,et al.Concentrations of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in indoor dusts from malls in China:implications for human exposure[J].Chemosphere,2017,172:103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.150
[55]	WONG F,SUZUKI G,MICHINAKA C,et al.Dioxin-like activities,halogenated flame retardants,organophosphate esters and chlorinated paraffins in dust from Australia,the United Kingdom,Canada,Sweden and China[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1248-1256. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.074
[56]	CHEN H,LAM J C W,ZHU M S,et al.Combined effects of dust and dietary exposure of occupational workers and local residents to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in a mega e-waste recycling industrial park in South China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(20):11510-11519.
[57]	ZENG Y H,TANG B,LUO X J,et al.Organohalogen pollutants in surface particulates from workshop floors of four major e-waste recycling sites in China and implications for emission lists[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569/570:982-989. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.053
[58]	XU C,WANG K R,GAO L R,et al.Highly elevated levels,infant dietary exposure and health risks of medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk from China:comparison with short-chain chlorinated paraffins[J].Environmental Pollution,2021,279:116922. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116922
[59]	XIA D,GAO L R,ZHENG M H,et al.Human exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins via mothers' milk in Chinese urban population[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51(1):608-615.
[60]	XIA D,GAO L R,ZHENG M H,et al.Health risks posed to infants in rural China by exposure to short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in breast milk[J].Environment International,2017,103:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.03.013
[61]	CAO Y,HARADA K H,HITOMI T,et al.Lactational exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China,Korea,and Japan[J].Chemosphere,2017,173:43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.078
[62]	ZHOU Y H,YUAN B,NYBERG E,et al.Chlorinated paraffins in human milk from urban sites in China,Sweden,and Norway[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2020,54(7):4356-4366.
[63]	LIU Y X,AAMIR M,LI M Y,et al.Prenatal and postnatal exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in mothers and neonates:occurrence,congener profile,and transfer behavior[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2020,395:122660. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122660
[64]	THOMAS G O,FARRAR D,BRAEKEVELT E,et al.Short and medium chain length chlorinated paraffins in UK human milk fat[J].Environment International,2006,32(1):34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.006
[65]	LI T,WAN Y,GAO S X,et al.High-throughput determination and characterization of short-,medium-,and long-chain chlorinated paraffins in human blood[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2017,51(6):3346-3354.
[66]	QIAO L,GAO L R,ZHENG M H,et al.Mass fractions,congener group patterns,and placental transfer of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in paired maternal and cord serum[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2018,52(17):10097-10103.
[67]	XU J Z,GUO W J,WEI L H,et al.Validation of a HRGC-ECNI/LRMS method to monitor short-chain chlorinated paraffins in human plasma[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2019,75:289-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.004
[68]	CHEN H,ZHOU W,LAM J C W,et al.Blood partitioning and whole-blood-based maternal transfer assessment of chlorinated paraffins in mother-infant pairs from South China[J].Environment International,2020,142:105871. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105871
[69]	ZHOU X,WU H Q,HUANG X L,et al.Development a simple and rapid HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS method for determination of short- and medium- chain chlorinated paraffins in human serum[J].Journal of Chromatography B,2019,1126/1127:121722. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121722
[70]	DING L,LUO N N,LIU Y,et al.Short and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in serum from residents aged from 50 to 84 in Jinan,China:occurrence,composition and association with hematologic parameters[J].Science of the Total Environment,2020,728:137998. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137998
[71]	VAN-MOURIK L M,TOMS L M L,HE C,et al.Evaluating age and temporal trends of chlorinated paraffins in pooled serum collected from males in Australia between 2004 and 2015[J].Chemosphere,2020,244:125574. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125574
[72]	CANADA E.Federal environmental quality guidelines:chlorinated alkanes[R].Ottawa:Environment and Climate Change Canada,2018:6-9.
[73]	WEI G L,LIANG X L,LI D Q,et al.Occurrence,fate and ecological risk of chlorinated paraffins in Asia:a review[J].Environment International,2016,92/93:373-387. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.002
[74]	LEE C C,WU Y Y,CHEN C S,et al.Spatiotemporal distribution and risk assessment of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in 30 major rivers in Taiwan[J].Science of the Total Environment,2022,806:150969. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150969
[75]	HU H M,JIN H B,LI T J,et al.Spatial distribution,partitioning,and ecological risk of short chain chlorinated paraffins in seawater and sediment from East China Sea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2022,811:151932. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151932
[76]	MA X D,ZHANG H J,WANG Z,et al.Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of short chain chlorinated paraffins in a marine food web from Liaodong Bay,North China[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2014,48(10):5964-5971.
[77]	CUI L L,GAO L R,ZHENG M H,et al.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in foods from the sixth Chinese total diet study:occurrences and estimates of dietary intakes in South China[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2020,68(34):9043-9051. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03491
[78]	FAN X R,WANG Z W,LI Y,et al.Estimating the dietary exposure and risk of persistent organic pollutants in China:a national analysis[J].Environmental Pollution,2021,288:117764. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117764
[79]	KRÄTSCHMER K,SCHÄCHTELE A,VETTER W.Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin exposure in South Germany:a total diet,meal and market basket study[J].Environmental Pollution,2021,272:116019. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116019
[80]	KRÄTSCHMER K,MALISCH R,VETTER W.Chlorinated paraffin levels in relation to other persistent organic pollutants found in pooled human milk samples from primiparous mothers in 53 countries[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2021,129(8):87004. doi: 10.1289/EHP7696
[81]	韦正峥,向月皎,郭云,等.国内外新污染物环境管理政策分析与建议[J].环境科学研究,2022,35(2):443-451. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.11.17 WEI Z Z,XIANG Y J,GUO Y,et al.Analysis and suggestions of environmental management policies of new pollutants at home and abroad[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2022,35(2):443-451. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.11.17
[82]	杨立新.世界卫生组织(WHO)颁布环境健康基准的历程及对我国的借鉴[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(12):3012-3028. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.06.15 YANG L X.World health organization (WHO) environmental health criteria (EHC) programme and the practical usefulness to China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(12):3012-3028. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.06.15
[83]	吴颐杭,杨书慧,刘奇缘,等.荷兰人体健康土壤环境基准与标准研究及其对我国的启示[J].环境科学研究,2022,35(1):265-275. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.11 WU Y H,YANG S H,LIU Q Y,et al.Research on soil environmental criteria and standards for human health in the Netherlands and its enlightenment to China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2022,35(1):265-275. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.11
[84]	张丽丽,朱晓晶,于洋,等.京津冀及周边地区优先控制有毒有害大气污染物名录研究[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(1):194-201. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.12.28 ZHANG L L,ZHU X J,YU Y,et al.Priority control of hazardous air pollutants in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(1):194-201. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2020.12.28