Evaluation of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in China′s Industrial and Mining Sites Based on Meta-Analysis
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摘要: 工矿业活动是土壤重金属污染的重要来源之一. 由于早期企业管理体系不完善和环保意识薄弱等原因，我国工矿业土壤环境问题突出. 本文对2005—2022年中国知网、万方、Web of Science等数据库发表的关于我国工矿业土壤重金属污染的138篇文献(包含141处场地)进行Meta分析，并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价我国工矿业地及周边土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、As的污染情况、分布特征及行业特征. Meta分析随机效应模型的计算结果表明，与土壤背景值相比，我国工矿业场地及周边土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、As的含量分别增加了897.42%、233.34%、232.34%、196.83%和171.29%. 重金属污染分布结果显示，东南沿海及长三角等经济发达地区工矿业土壤污染更严重，北方地区污染较轻，Cd是首要污染物. 从行业特征看，化石燃料开采场地及周边土壤中Pb、As含量与背景值差异不显著；有色金属矿开采导致土壤重金属含量显著升高，其中Cd污染十分突出，土壤Cd含量的增幅高达964.40%. 49.21%的有色金属矿区土壤存在极强潜在生态风险；化石燃料开采场区土壤污染较轻，潜在生态风险为中等风险及以下的点位占60.87%. 研究显示，Cd是我国工矿业土壤重金属污染的首要污染物，且有色金属矿开采造成的污染更严重.Abstract: Industrial and mining activities are the main sources of soil heavy metal pollution. Due to the imperfect management system and the weak awareness of early enterprises, the soil environmental problems of industrial and mining sites in China are prominent. In this paper, Meta-analysis was carried out on 141 sites of soil heavy metal pollution of national industrial and mining enterprise sites published in 2005-2022 in databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, and Web of Science. The pollution status, spatial distribution and industrial characteristics of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and As in the industrial and mining sites and surrounding soils were investigated by using the geo-accumulation index method and potential ecological risk index method. The results of the random effect model of Meta-analysis showed that the contents of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and As in the industrial and mining sites and surrounding soils increased by an average of 897.42%, 233.34%, 232.34%, 196.83% and 171.29%, respectively, compared with the background values. The distribution of heavy metal pollutants suggested that the soil pollution of industrial and mining sites was more serious in the developed areas such as the southeastern coast and the Yangtze River Delta, while the pollution in the northern region was less serious. Among all heavy metals, Cd was the main pollutant. From the perspective of industry characteristics, the difference between the Pb, As content and background value of the fossil fuel mining site and the surrounding soil was not significant. Non-ferrous metal mining led to a significant increase in soil heavy metal content, among which Cd pollution was very prominent, and the increase in soil Cd content was as high as 964.40%. 49.21% of the soil in non-ferrous metal mining areas had extremely strong potential ecological risk; the pollution of fossil fuel mining sites was relatively low, and 60.87% of the sites had mild potential ecological risk. The studies have shown that Cd is the primary pollutant of heavy metal pollution in China's industrial and mining soil, and the pollution hazard of non-ferrous metal mining is more significant.
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Key words:
- industrial and mining sites /
- heavy metals /
- soil /
- Meta-analysis
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图 2 已收集的全国141处工矿业污染场地分布
注：底图来自自然资源部(
http://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn )下载的《中国地图1∶3 200万 32开 分省设色版 无邻国 划线二》. 审图号：GS京(2022)1325号. 下同.Figure 2. Distribution of 141 collected industrial and mining sites in China
图 3 不同区域工矿业场地土壤中各重金属含量的合并效应值(E++)
注：括号内标注表示各组研究数量.
Figure 3. Combined effect value of soil heavy metal contents in different regions
图 4 土壤重金属地累积指数(Igeo)的空间分布
Figure 4. Distribution of accumulation index (Igeo) for soil heavy metals
图 6 不同行业场地土壤重金属含量的合并效应值(E++)
注：括号内标注表示各组研究数量.
Figure 6. Combined effect value (E++) of soil heavy metal content in various industrial sites
图 7 不同行业土壤重金属综合潜在生态风险等级分布
注：标注百分数表示不同风险等级场地的占比.
Figure 7. Class distribution of comprehensive potential ecological risk for heavy metals of in different industry soils
图 8 不同行业土壤重金属平均单因子潜在生态风险指数(
${E_{\rm{r}}}^j$ )及风险等级Figure 8. Comparison of average one-factor potential ecological risk index for heavy metals in different industry soils
表 1 调整后的潜在生态风险等级划分
Table 1. Adjusted classification of potential ecological risk levels
${E_{\rm{r}}}^j$ 单项潜在生态风险程度 RI 综合潜在生态风险程度 <30 轻微 <60 轻微 30~60 中等 60~120 中等 60~120 强 120~240 强 120~240 很强 240~480 很强 >240 极强 >480 极强 
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表 2 随机效应模型计算结果
Table 2. The calculation result of the stochastic effect model
重金属 n E++ 95% CI I2/% Pb 115 1.204 [0.921,1.487] 99.91 Cd 115 2.300 [2.033,2.568] 99.67 As 78 0.998 [0.662,1.335] 99.81 Zn 105 1.201 [0.963,1.440] 99.83 Cu 110 1.088 [0.900,1.277] 99.66
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