【脆弱生态系统保护与修复专题】编者按：“十三五”和“十四五”规划中，我国政府都将生态文明建设和生态安全列为国家可持续发展战略的关键议题. 脆弱生态系统易发生水土流失严重、自然灾害频发、生物多样性丧失等重大问题，是自然生态及经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈和障碍. 我国脆弱生态系统分布面积广大，主要分布于北方干旱半干旱区、南方丘陵区、西南山地区、青藏高原区以及东部沿海水陆交接地区，占国土面积的60%以上. 为了解决以往生态治理研究工作实施效果评价缺乏、忽视生态技术应用、忽略生态技术地域和经济适宜性等问题，科学技术部于2016年启动“典型脆弱生态修复与保护研究”重点专项，紧紧围绕国家生态安全屏障建设科技需要，重点支持生态监测预警、荒漠化防治、水土流失治理、石漠化治理、退化草地修复、生态多样性保护技术等技术模式研发与典型示范. 在系列重点研发项目的支持下，众多学术团体在典型生态脆弱区开展了生态系统服务时空动态及机制研究、生态保护与修复成效研究以及面向生态系统服务提升的生态修复模式研究等，积累了生态监测-评价-修复-产业全链条的技术研发经验，提出了数量众多的脆弱生态区生态治理、生态产业、生态富民相结合的系统性技术模式. 本专题总结了典型脆弱生态区——北方风沙区和干热河谷区的相关研究成果，希望其可为脆弱生态系统更高质量保护和修复，以及“十四五”提出的“提高生态系统自我修复能力和稳定性，促进自然生态系统质量整体改善，建设‘美丽中国’”的目标提供有效技术支撑.
Study on Species Diversity of Plant Communities in Dry-Hot Valleys of Northwest and Southeast Yunnan
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摘要: 环境变迁下生物多样性格局形成及维持机制研究是生物多样性研究的核心科学问题之一. 滇西北和滇东南两地曾在地质历史上具有相似森林植被，随着板块运移，两地出现明显环境区化，植被类型亦产生巨大变化，仅在两地干热河谷生长着相似外貌和类型的植物群落，而其物种组成和生物多样性格局有何异同尚不清晰. 该研究分别在怒江和元江干热河谷设置100 km样带，每间隔4 km布设样地，对其植被进行群落学调查. 通过计算两地不同生活型植物重要值、Alpha及Beta多样性指标，拟阐明起源相近、外貌相似的两地植被在环境变迁后群落物种组成及生物多样性的变化规律. 结果表明：①滇西北干热河谷共调查到维管植物125种(51科104属)，滇东南干热河谷共调查到114种维管植物(44科102属). 滇西北乔木和灌木物种丰富度均略高于滇东南，草本反之. 滇西北乔木多度极显著高于滇东南(P<0.01)，灌木多度未出现显著性差异，草本多度滇东南显著高于滇西北(P<0.05). ②从科水平分析，滇西北和滇东南乔木和草本优势科组成种类相似，但灌木优势科组成种类差异性较大. 从种水平分析发现，两地乔木优势种种类差异较大，而灌木和草本组成相似. ③滇西北植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数均略低于滇东南，但无显著性差异，而Pielou指数显著低于滇东南(P<0.05). 滇西北干热河谷植物群落中优势种单一，物种分布具有聚集性；滇东南植物群落物种分布较均匀，物种多样性丰富. ④两地植物群落之间相异性系数较高，处于极不相似水平，群落间生境差异性较大，不同生活型植物Beta多样性差异极显著(P<0.001)，其中以灌木物种组成的相异性最大. 研究显示，起源相近、外貌相似的滇西北与滇东南干热河谷的植物群落物种组成存在明显差异，Alpha多样性差异不明显，Beta多样性存在显著性差异，环境变迁后区域环境差异改变了植物群落结构.Abstract: The formation and maintenance mechanism of biodiversity pattern under environmental change is one of the core scientific issues of biodiversity research. Northwest Yunnan and southeast Yunnan had similar forest vegetation in geological history. With the movement of the plate, the two places have obvious environmental regionalization, and the vegetation types have also changed greatly. Only in the dry-hot valleys of the two places, similar appearance and vegetation have been developed. The similarities and differences in their species composition and biodiversity patterns are unclear. In this study, 100 km transects were set up in the dry-hot valleys of the Nujiang River in northwest Yunnan and the Yuanjiang River in southeast Yunnan. The sample plots were set up at intervals of 4 km, and the vegetation community survey was carried out. By calculating the important values, Alpha and Beta diversity indicators of different life-type species in the two places, it is proposed to elucidate the change law of community species composition and biodiversity after environmental changes in the dry-hot valley vegetation of the two places with similar origins and similar appearances. The results showed that: (1) A total of 125 species of vascular plants, belonging to 104 genera in 51 families, were recorded in northwest Yunnan, and 114 species of vascular plants, belonging to 102 genera in 44 families, were recorded in southeast Yunnan. The species richness of trees and shrubs in northwest Yunnan was slightly higher than that in southeast Yunnan, and the opposite was true for herbs. The tree abundance in northwest Yunnan was significantly higher than that in southeast Yunnan (P<0.01), while the abundance of herbs in southeastern Yunnan was significantly higher than that in northwestern Yunnan (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in shrub abundance. (2) At the family level, the species of the dominant family of trees and herbs were similar, but the dominant families of shrubs were quite different. However, at the species level, the dominant species of trees differed greatly, while the composition of shrubs and herbs was similar. (3) The Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index of plant communities in northwest Yunnan were slightly lower than those in southeast Yunnan, but there was no significant difference. The Pielou evenness index in northwest Yunnan was significantly lower than that in southeast Yunnan (P<0.05). The dominant species in the plant community in northwest Yunnan was single, and the species distribution was clustered. In contrast, the plant community in southeast Yunnan was more evenly distributed and rich in species diversity. (4) The coefficient of dissimilarity between the plant communities in the two places was relatively high, at a very dissimilar level. The differences of habitats between the two communities were great, and Beta diversity of different life forms was extremely different (P<0.001). Among them, the shrub layer had the greatest dissimilarity. The research shows that the plant communities in the dry-hot valleys of northwest Yunnan and southeast Yunnan with similar appearance and origin were significantly different in species composition, and different life forms were different. Alpha diversity of plant communities in the two places was not significantly different, but there was a significant difference in Beta diversity. After environmental changes, regional environmental differences changed the structure of plant communities.
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Key words:
- dry-hot valleys /
- species composition /
- the important values /
- biodiversity
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图 2 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落样方内植物总株数
Figure 2. Number of individuals per plot in the plant communities of northwest and southeast Yunnan
图 3 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落科水平重要值
注：圈上数值表示科水平的重要值，单位为%.
Figure 3. The important values of families in the plant communities of northwest and southeast Yunnan
图 4 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落和不同生活型植物Alpha多样性
注：不同小写字母表示滇西北和滇东南之间差异显著(P<0.05).
Figure 4. Alpha diversity in the plant communities and different life forms of northwest and southeast Yunnan
图 5 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落Beta多样性的NMDS排序
Figure 5. NMDS of Beta diversity in the plant communities of northwest and southeast Yunnan
表 1 研究区样地概况
Table 1. Situation of the study area
研究区 样方个数 主要群落类型 单个样方面积/m2 平均群落高度/m 平均木本层盖度 平均草本层盖度 滇西北 22 清香木灌丛(13)、高山栲(Castanopsis delavayi)灌丛(3)等 100 5.18 0.49 0.54 滇东南 25 疏序黄荆灌丛(7)、余甘子+车桑子灌丛(2)、疏絮黄荆+清香木灌丛(2)、车桑子+疏序黄荆灌丛(2)、车桑子+虾子花(Woodfordia fruticosa)灌丛(2)等 100 3.13 0.52 0.46 注：括号中数值为样方个数. 
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表 2 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落物种丰富度
Table 2. Species richness in the plant communities of northwest and southeast Yunnan
项目 滇西北物种丰富度 滇东南物种丰富度 科 属 种 科 属 种 乔木 19 33 41 13 21 23 灌木 25 41 50 22 40 45 草本 23 37 34 28 48 46 合计 51 104 125 44 102 114 注：合计表示研究区内调查到的植物整体情况.
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表 3 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落物种重要值
Table 3. The important values of species in the plant communities of northwest and southeast Yunnan
生活型 物种名 拉丁名 物种重要值/% 滇西北 滇东南 乔木 高山栲 Castanopsis delavayi 25.45 — 铁刀木 Senna siamea 9.56 2.17 诃子 Terminalia chebula 9.44 — 余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica 7.93 20.32 大花漆 Toxicodendron grandiflorum 6.11 — 鸡嗉子榕 Ficus semicordata 5.50 — 厚皮树 Lannea coromandelica 4.97 19.10 黄连木 Pistacia chinensis 4.67 — 毛叶黄杞 Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana 3.54 — 盐丰合欢 Albizia simeonis 3.43 12.13 尼泊尔海桐 Plttosporum napaulense 3.26 — 羽脉山黄麻 Trema levigata 2.26 — 大叶栎 Quercus griffithii 2.06 — 心叶木 Haldina cordifolia — 13.66 酸豆 Tamarindus indica — 6.19 异序乌桕 Falconeria insignis — 5.87 毛叶合欢 Albizia julibrissin var. mollis — 4.60 印楝 Azadirachta indica — 2.98 山黄麻 Trema tomentosa — 2.91 老人皮 Psidium guajava — 2.91 构树 Broussonetia papyrifera — 2.63 豆腐果 Buchanania cochinchinensis — 2.29 光蜡树 Fraxinus griffithii — 2.23 灌木 清香木 Pistacia weinmanniifolia 19.01 6.91 灰毛浆果楝 Cipadessa baccifera 8.67 4.74 小花扁担杆 Grewia biloba var. parviflora 5.90 3.99 车桑子 Dodonaea viscosa 5.86 11.64 假木豆 Dendrolobium triangulare 4.13 0.55 檗状美登木 Gymnosporia berberoides 1.85 0.51 广东金钱草 Desmodium styracifolium 1.58 0.32 苘麻叶扁担杆 Grewia abutilifolia 1.07 3.04 假虎刺 Carissa spinarum 1.00 3.21 绒毛山蚂蝗 Desmodium velutinum 0.98 2.03 截叶铁扫帚 Lespedeza juncea var. sericea 0.30 0.33 疏序黄荆 Vitex negundo 0.28 14.51 马缨丹 Lantana camara 4.47 — 滇丁香 Luculia pinceana 4.10 — 盐肤木 Rhus chinensis 3.77 — 虾子花 Woodfordia fruticosa — 8.57 元江素馨 Jasminum yuanjiangense — 5.91 黔南木蓝 Indigofera esquirolii — 3.52 华西小石积 Osteomeles schwerinae — 3.46 麻绞叶 Murraya koenigii — 2.34 假杜鹃 Barleria cristata — 2.14 木薯 Manihot esculenta — 2.10 番石榴 Psidium guajava — 2.08
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续表 3 生活型 物种名 拉丁名 物种重要值/% 滇西北 滇东南 草本 飞机草 Chromolaena odorata 13.23 10.97 知风草 Eragrostis ferruginea 10.79 — 茅叶荩草 Arthraxon prionodes 8.85 4.46 黄茅 Heteropogon contortus 8.82 13.42 刚莠竹 Microstegium ciliatum 7.70 — 旱茅 Schizachyrium delavayi 7.34 8.07 地桃花 Urena lobata 5.58 0.21 类芦 Neyraudia reynaudiana 5.43 2.60 细柄草 Capillipedium parviflorum 4.55 — 短莛飞蓬 Erigeron breviscapus 3.97 0.64 羽脉山牵牛 Thunbergia lutea 3.60 0.61 剑麻 Agave sisalana 1.57 1.30 三点金 Desmodium triflorum 1.35 2.01 狸尾豆 Uraria lagopodoides 0.99 2.81 猪屎豆 Crotalaria pallida var. obovata 0.88 1.00 大苞鸭跖草 Commelina paludosa 0.72 2.67 芸香草 Cymbopogon distans 0.52 0.29 黄细心 Boerhavia diffusa 0.48 2.40 羽芒菊 Tridax procumbens 0.35 0.44 黄珠子草 Phyllanthus virgatus — 6.20 心叶黄花稔 Sida cordifolia — 4.95 旋蒴苣苔 Boea hygrometrica — 3.89 黄背草 Themeda triandra — 3.88 藿香菊 Ageratum conyzoides — 3.70 南莎草 Cyperus niveus — 3.51 硬秆子草 Capillipedium assimile — 3.20 心叶山土瓜 Merremia cordata — 2.80 白花鬼针草 Bidens pilosa — 2.20 注：仅列出物种重要值>2%的物种.
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表 4 滇西北、滇东南两地植物群落和不同生活型植物间相异距离及ANOSIM相似性分析
Table 4. Dissimilarity distance and ANOSIM similarity analysis in the plant communities and different life forms of northwest and southeast Yunnan
项目 Jaccard距离 Bray-Curtis距离 乔木 0.89(R=0.59, P<0.001) 0.85(R=0.48, P<0.001) 灌木 0.90(R=0.63, P<0.001) 0.87(R=0.64, P<0.001) 草本 0.87(R=0.60, P<0.001) 0.81(R=0.49, P<0.001) 群落 0.89(R=0.83, P<0.001) 0.84(R=0.78, P<0.001)
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