基于生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价的生态安全格局构建研究

孙丽慧; 刘浩; 汪丁; 郝海广

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.10.11

基于生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价的生态安全格局构建研究

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.10.11

中国环境科学研究院，北京　100012

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(No.41871196)

详细信息

作者简介:
孙丽慧（1983-），女，山东聊城人，高级工程师，硕士，主要从事资源环境遥感研究，sunlh@craes.org.cn

通讯作者:
郝海广(1981-)，男，内蒙古锡林郭勒人，研究员，博士，主要从事资源利用与生态环境效应研究， haohg@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X901
计量
- 文章访问数: 284
- HTML全文浏览量: 62
- PDF下载量: 88
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-15
- 修回日期: 2022-09-15

Research on Ecological Security Pattern Construction Based on the Evaluation of Ecosystem Services and Eco-Environmental Sensitivity

Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.41871196)

摘要

摘要: 生态安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，构建生态安全格局对保障区域生态安全和实现可持续发展具有重要意义. 生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价能够揭示区域生态系统质量和生态产品供给能力，为生态安全格局构建提供科学基础. 本文以宁夏回族自治区为研究对象，基于生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价识别重要生态源地，并采用最小累积阻力(minimal cumulative resistance, MCR)模型识别重要生态廊道与关键生态节点，进而构建了宁夏的生态安全格局. 结果表明：①宁夏生态系统服务极重要性区域面积为14 280.05 km²，主要分布于西北部贺兰山、东部哈巴河、中部罗山及南部六盘山地区. 生态系统极敏感区域面积为7 340.58 km²，主要分布于宁夏南部水土流失治理区和沙坡头区沙漠化防治区. ②将评价结果与自然保护地空间分布相结合，综合确定全区生态源地面积为16 300 km²，主要包括西北、东部、南部山地以及黄河沿线区域. 生态安全缓冲区按照高、中、低水平分别占研究区总面积的67.93%、22.92%和9.15%. ③识别生态廊道为64条，生态节点12个，均呈现中部密集、南北稀疏的空间分布特征，与生态源地分布及其破碎程度相符. ④以研究区现有生态安全格局为基础，提出“一廊三屏四区多节点”生态安全格局优化策略. 研究显示，基于生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价的生态源地选择方法是在现有研究范式下对生态格局构建研究的补充，同时研究结果将为宁夏生态安全格局优化以及国土空间修复提供重要参考.
- 生态安全格局 /
- 生态系统服务 /
- 生态环境敏感性 /
- 最小累积阻力(MCR)模型 /
- 宁夏回族自治区
Abstract: Ecological security is an important part of national security. Ecological security pattern construction is of great significance for ensuring regional ecological security and achieving sustainable development. This study selected Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region as the study area and identified important ecological sources based on the ecosystem services and eco-environment sensitivity evaluation result. The minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model was used to identify ecological corridors and key ecological nodes, and develop an ecological security pattern in the study area. The results show that: (1) The area of important ecosystem services is 14,280.05 km², primarily distributed in the Helan Mountains in the northwest, Habahe in the east, Luoshan in the middle, and Liupanshan in the south. The sensitive area of the ecosystem is 7,340.58 km², primarily distributed in the soil erosion control and desertification control areas in the southern Ningxia and Shapotou districts, respectively. (2) When the evaluation results were combined with the spatial distribution of nature reserves, the ecological source area of the whole region was determined to be 16,300 km², including mountainous in the northwest, east and south of Ningxia, and the belt area along the Yellow River. The ecological security buffer zone accounted for 67.93%, 22.92% and 9.15% of the total area of Ningxia according to high, medium, and low levels, respectively. (3) There are 64 ecological corridors and 12 ecological nodes, all of which are dense in the middle and sparse in the north and south, which is consistent with the distribution of ecological sources and their degree of fragmentation. (4) Based on the ecological security pattern in the study area, the optimization strategy of ‘one corridor, three protective screens, four districts and multiple nodes’ ecological security pattern is proposed. The research shows that the ecological source selection method based on ecosystem services and eco-environment sensitivity evaluation is a supplement to the research on ecological pattern construction under the existing research paradigm, and the research results will provide important reference for the optimization of the ecological security pattern and land space restoration in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.
- ecological security pattern /
- ecosystem services /
- eco-environmental sensitivity /
- minimum cumulative resistance model (MCR model) /
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

HTML全文

图 1 宁夏生态系统的空间分布

Figure 1. Spatial distribution of ecosystems in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 宁夏生态源地扩张各阻力因子值分布

Figure 2. The distribution of each resistance factors for ecological source expansion in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 宁夏生态系统服务重要性评价结果

Figure 3. Results of the ecosystem services evaluation in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 宁夏生态环境敏感性评价结果

Figure 4. Results of the ecosystem sensitivity evaluation in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 宁夏生态源地的空间分布

Figure 5. Spatial distribution of ecological sources in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 宁夏生态安全缓冲区的空间分布

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of ecological security buffer zone in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 宁夏生态安全格局示意

Figure 7. Ecological security pattern in Ningxia

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 生态系统服务与生态环境敏感性评价方法

Table 1. Evaluation of ecosystem services and ecosystem sensitivity

评价类型	计算公式	具体参数及其描述
防风固沙重要性	$\begin{array}{c}{S}_{\mathrm{L} }={\dfrac{2\times Z}{ {H}^{2} }}Q_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x} }\times {\mathrm{e} }^{ {-\left(\tfrac{ {\textit{Z} } }{H}\right)}^{2} } \\ H=150.71\times {(\mathrm{W}\mathrm{F}\times \mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\times \mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{F}\times {K}'\times C)}^{-0.371\;1} \\ {Q}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x} }=109.8\times (\mathrm{W}\mathrm{F}\times \mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\times \mathrm{S}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{F}\times {K}'\times C)\end{array}$	S_L为土壤风力侵蚀量，t/(km²·a)；Q_max为风力最大转移量，kg/m；H为关键地块长度，m；Z为最大风蚀出现距离，m；WF为气候因子；K'为地表糙度因子；EF为土壤可侵蚀因子；SCF为土壤结皮因子；C为植被覆盖因子
水源涵养重要性	$ \mathrm{T}\mathrm{Q}=P-\mathrm{R}\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{E}\mathrm{T} $	TQ为水源涵养量，mm/a；P为年降雨量，mm/a；RR为地表径流量，mm/a；ET为蒸散发量，mm/a
土壤保持重要性	A_c=A_p−A_r=PR×K×L×S×(1−C)	A_c为土壤保持量，t；A_p为潜在土壤侵蚀量，t；A_r为实际土壤侵蚀量，t；PR为降水侵蚀力因子；K为土壤可蚀性因子；L、S分别为坡长、坡度因子
生物多样性保护重要性	S_bio=NPP_mean×F_pre×F_tem×(1−F_alt)	S_bio为生物多样性维护服务能力指数；NPP_mean为研究区多年平均年净初级生产力；F_pre为降水参数；F_tem为气温参数；F_alt为海拔参数
水土流失敏感性	$ {\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}}_{i}=\sqrt[4]{{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{R}}_{i}\times {K}_{i}\times {\mathrm{L}\mathrm{S}}_{i}\times {C}_{i}} $	SS_i为i空间单元水土流失敏感性指数，PR_i为i空间单元降雨侵蚀力因子，K_i为i空间单元土壤可蚀性因子，LS_i为i空间单元坡长坡度因子，C_i为i空间单元植被覆盖因子
土地沙化敏感性	$ {D}_{i}=\sqrt[4]{{I}_{i}\times {W}_{i}\times {N}_{i}\times {M}_{i}} $	D_i为i空间单元土地沙化敏感性指数，I_i、W_i、N_i、M_i分别为i空间单元评估区域干燥度指数、起沙风天数、土壤质地和植被盖度的敏感性等级值

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 宁夏生态源地扩张阻力因子权重、分级及阻力值

Table 2. Weighting, classification and value of resistance factors for ecological source expansion in Ningxia

一级指标(权重)	二级指标(权重)	指标分级/分类	阻力值
土地利用类型 (0.5)	土地利用类型 (0.5)	林地灌木地草地湿地水体耕地裸地人造地表	10 20 40 20 10 60 80 100
人类活动 (0.3)	与道路(国道、省道)的距离 (0.15)	<500 m 500~1 000 m 1 000~1 500 m 1 500~2 000 m >2 000 m	100 80 60 40 20
人类活动 (0.3)	与居民点的距离 (0.15)	<500 m 500~1 000 m 1 000~2 000 m 2 000~3 000 m >3 000 m	100 80 60 40 20
植被覆盖 (0.2)	NDVI (0.2)	<0.3 0.3~0.5 0.5~0.6 0.6~0.8 >0.8	100 80 60 40 20

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 宁夏生态系统服务重要性评价结果

Table 3. Results of the ecosystem services evaluation in Ningxia

生态系统服务重要性评价	防风固沙		水土保持		水源涵养		生物多样性维护
生态系统服务重要性评价	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比%	面积/km²	占比/%
一般重要	29 047.12	55.92	45 218.68	87.05	38 739.06	74.57	44 576.77	85.81
重要	12 625.95	24.31	3 759.21	7.24	11 276.63	21.71	5 394.93	10.39
极重要	10 273.54	19.78	2 968.72	5.71	1 930.92	3.72	1 974.91	3.80

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 宁夏生态环境敏感性评价结果

Table 4. Results of the eco-environmental sensitivity evaluation in Ningxia

生态环境敏感性评价	水土流失		土地沙化
生态环境敏感性评价	面积/km²	占比/%	面积/km²	占比/%
一般敏感	27 593.01	53.11	20 680.09	39.81
敏感	18 086.05	34.82	30 104.42	57.97
极敏感	6 267.55	12.07	1 152.09	2.22

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(30)

[1]	应凌霄,孔令桥,肖燚,等.生态安全及其评价方法研究进展[J].生态学报,2022,42(5):1679-1692. YING L X,KONG L Q,XIAO Y,et al.The research progress and prospect of ecological security and its assessing approaches[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2022,42(5):1679-1692.
[2]	刘洋,蒙吉军,朱利凯.区域生态安全格局研究进展[J].生态学报,2010,30(24):6980-6989. LIU Y,MENG J J,ZHU L K.Progress in the research on regional ecological security pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6980-6989.
[3]	彭建,赵会娟,刘焱序,等.区域生态安全格局构建研究进展与展望[J].地理研究,2017,36(3):407-419. PENG J,ZHAO H J,LIU Y X,et al.Research progress and prospect on regional ecological security pattern construction[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(3):407-419.
[4]	马克明,傅伯杰,黎晓亚,关文彬.区域生态安全格局:概念与理论基础[J].生态学报,2004,24(4):761-768. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.017 MA K M,FU B J,LI X Y,et al.The regional pattern for ecological security (RPES):the concept and theoretical basis[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(4):761-768. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.04.017
[5]	叶鑫,邹长新,刘国华,等.生态安全格局研究的主要内容与进展[J].生态学报,2018,38(10):3382-3392. YE X,ZOU C X,LIU G H,et al.Main research contents and advances in the ecological security pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(10):3382-3392.
[6]	王红旗,王国强,田雅楠.中国生态安全格局构建与评价[M].北京:科学出版社,2019.
[7]	易浪,孙颖,尹少华,等.生态安全格局构建:概念、框架与展望[J].生态环境学报,2022,31(4):845-856. doi: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.04.023 YI L,SUN Y,YIN S H,et al.Construction of ecological security pattern:concept,framework and prospect[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2022,31(4):845-856. doi: 10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2022.04.023
[8]	BUDD W W.Land mosaics:the ecology of landscapes and regions[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1996,36(3):229-231. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00344-1
[9]	SADEGHI S H R,JALILI K,NIKKAMI D.Land use optimization in watershed scale[J].Land Use Policy,2009,26(2):186-193. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.02.007
[10]	俞孔坚,李海龙,李迪华,等.国土尺度生态安全格局[J].生态学报,2009,29(10):5163-5175. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.001 YU K J,LI H L,LI D H,et al.National scale ecological security pattern[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(10):5163-5175. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.001
[11]	HERRMANN S,DABBERT S,SCHWARZ-VON RAUMER H G.Threshold values for nature protection areas as indicators for bio-diversity:a regional evaluation of economic and ecological consequences[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment,2003,98(1/2/3):493-506.
[12]	俞孔坚.生物保护的景观生态安全格局[J].生态学报,1999,19(1):10-17. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.1999.01.002 YU K J.Landscape ecological security patterns in biological conservation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(1):10-17. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.1999.01.002
[13]	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.Ecosystems and human well-being.Volume 2 scenarios:findings of the scenarios working group[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[14]	姜栋栋,杨帆,马伟波,等.大娄山区生态系统服务价值变化与情景预测[J].环境科学研究,2022,35(7):1670-1680. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.03.25 JIANG D D,YANG F,MA W B,et al.Evolution and scenario prediction of ecosystem service value in Dalou Mountain area[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2022,35(7):1670-1680. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.03.25
[15]	王晨绯.生态系统服务:搭建人与自然的桥梁[N].中国科学报,2017-02-27(5).
[16]	KNAAPEN J P,SCHEFFER M,HARMS B.Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1992,23(1):1-16. doi: 10.1016/0169-2046(92)90060-D
[17]	曹秉帅,单楠,顾羊羊,等.呼伦湖流域生态安全评价及时空分布格局变化趋势研究[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(4):801-811. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.02.13 CAO B S,SHAN N,GU Y Y,et al.Evaluation of ecological security in Hulun Lake watershed and its spatio-temporal distribution trend[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(4):801-811. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.02.13
[18]	朱陇强,郭泽呈,肖敏,等.半干旱区县域生态安全格局构建:以临洮县为例[J].生态学报,2022,42(14):5799-5811. ZHU L Q,GUO Z C,XIAO M,et al.Construction of county ecological security pattern in semi-arid area:a case study of Lintao County[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2022,42(14):5799-5811.
[19]	杨姗姗,邹长新,沈渭寿,等.基于生态红线划分的生态安全格局构建:以江西省为例[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(1):250-258. YANG S S,ZOU C X,SHEN W S,et al.Construction of ecological security patterns based on ecological red line:a case study of Jiangxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(1):250-258.
[20]	徐嘉,许大为,曲琛.基于生态系统服务重要性的国土空间生态安全格局研究:以哈尔滨市域为例[J].西北林学院学报,2022.doi:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1202.S.20220729.1406.002.html XU J,XU D W,QU C.Spatial ecological security pattern construction based on ecosystem service function evaluation:take Harbin City as an example[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2022.doi:http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1202.S.20220729.1406.002.html.
[21]	汤峰,王力,张蓬涛,等.基于生态保护红线和生态网络的县域生态安全格局构建[J].农业工程学报,2020,36(9):263-272. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.09.030 TANG F,WANG L,ZHANG P T,et al.Construction of county-level ecological security pattern based on ecological protection red line and network in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2020,36(9):263-272. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.09.030
[22]	高月明,吴文俊,蒋洪强,等.基于全球陆地生态系统的水源涵养服务价值时空变化分析[J].环境科学研究,2021,34(11):2696-2705. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.16 GAO Y M,WU W J,JIANG H Q,et al.Spatiotemporal changes of water conservation services value based on global terrestrial ecosystem[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2021,34(11):2696-2705. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2021.08.16
[23]	杜金鸿,刘方正,周越,等.自然保护地生态系统服务价值评估研究进展[J].环境科学研究,2019,32(9):1475-1482. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2019.03.22 DU J H,LIU F Z,ZHOU Y,et al.A review of ecosystem services assessment and valuation of protected areas[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2019,32(9):1475-1482. doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2019.03.22
[24]	成文浩,李同昇,马彩虹.基于MCR模型和DO指数的宁夏沿黄生态经济带生态安全格局构建[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2022,52(3):433-443. doi: 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2022-03-008 CHENG W H,LI T S,MA C H.Construction of an ecological security pattern based on MCR model and DO index:a case study of the ecological and economic belt along the Yellow River in Ningxia[J].Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition),2022,52(3):433-443. doi: 10.16152/j.cnki.xdxbzr.2022-03-008
[25]	张继平,乔青,刘春兰,等.基于最小累积阻力模型的北京市生态用地规划研究[J].生态学报,2017,37(19):6313-6321. ZHANG J P,QIAO Q,LIU C L,et al.Ecological land use planning for Beijing City based on the minimum cumulative resistance model[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(19):6313-6321.
[26]	李航鹤,马腾辉,王坤,等.基于最小累积阻力模型(MCR)和空间主成分分析法(SPCA)的沛县北部生态安全格局构建研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2020,36(8):1036-1045. doi: 10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0100 LI H H,MA T H,WANG K,et al.Construction of ecological security pattern in northern Peixian based on MCR and SPCA[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2020,36(8):1036-1045. doi: 10.19741/j.issn.1673-4831.2020.0100
[27]	毛诚瑞,代力民,齐麟,等.基于生态系统服务的流域生态安全格局构建:以辽宁省辽河流域为例[J].生态学报,2020,40(18):6486-6494. MAO C R,DAI L M,QI L,et al.Constructing ecological security pattern based on ecosystem services:a case study in Liaohe River Basin,Liaoning Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2020,40(18):6486-6494.
[28]	高梦雯,胡业翠,李向,等.基于生态系统服务重要性和环境敏感性的喀斯特山区生态安全格局构建:以广西河池为例[J].生态学报,2021,41(7):2596-2608. GAO M W,HU Y C,LI X,et al.Construction of ecological security pattern based on the importance of ecosystem services and environmental sensitivity in Karst mountainous areas:a case study in Hechi,Guangxi[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2021,41(7):2596-2608.
[29]	赵宇豪,罗宇航,易腾云,等.基于生态系统服务供需匹配的深圳市生态安全格局构建[J].应用生态学报,2022,33(9):2475-2484. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202209.026 ZHAO Y H,LUO Y H,YI T Y,et al.Constructing an ecological security pattern in Shenzhen,China,by matching the supply and demand of ecosystem services[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2022,33(9):2475-2484. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.202209.026
[30]	张宏锋,欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务功能的空间尺度特征[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(9):1432-1437. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.2007.0247 ZHANG H F,OUYANG Z Y,ZHENG H.Spatial scale characteristics of ecosystem services[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(9):1432-1437. doi: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.2007.0247