Performance of an Integrated Two-Phase Anaerobic Reactor Based on Bionics
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摘要: 反刍动物瘤胃对纤维素类物质具有强大的消化能力，在厌氧发酵领域备受关注. 为了增加秸秆等物质的资源化利用途径，本文基于仿生学的原理，设计了一体式两相新型厌氧反应器，并以秸秆、猪粪和河道底泥为底物进行干式共发酵，研究了该反应器的水解酸化和产甲烷性能. 结果表明：反应器在1~6 d的产气速率较快，单位体积累积产气量的增长速率为366.87 mL/d，最快产气速率为22.3 mL/(g·d)(以每g挥发性固体每天产生的沼气体积计)；发酵过程挥发性固体的产气量为0.13 L/g；发酵过程中pH在7.3~8.2之间变化，pH与挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度整体上呈现相反的变化趋势，说明反应器内未发生氨抑制现象；第1~21天，主反应室产生的溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)在次反应室中被充分利用，实现了水解过程和水解产物利用过程的分离；厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是反应器中最丰富的两个菌门，均具有水解和产酸能力. 基于瘤胃设计的反应器既具有不同水解程度底物分层和持续吸收VFAs的效果，又有上部水解和产酸、下部产甲烷的一体式两相厌氧发酵效果. 研究显示，该反应器可有效延长固体物质的停留时间，提高底物的水解酸化效率，减少反应器内局部酸抑制现象的发生.Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass can be effectively digested in animal rumen, which makes rumen-derived anaerobic digestion an attractive strategy. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of straw and other materials, this study designed an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor based on the principles of bionics, and investigated its hydrolysis acidification and methane-producing capability by feeding straw, pig manure and river sediment as substrates. The results indicated that the biogas production rate in 1-6 d was fast, and the increasing rate of cumulative gas production was 366.87 mL/(L·d). The fastest biogas production rate in this period was 22.3 mL/(g·d) (measured by the volume of biogas produced per gram of volatile solids per day), and the cumulative gas production per gram volatile solid was 0.13 L. The pH value ranged from 7.3 to 8.2, and showed an overall opposite variation trend with the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), indicating that ammonia inhibition did not occur in the reactor. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) produced by main reaction chamber was substantially utilized in secondary reaction chamber in 1-21 d, realizing the separation of hydrolysis process and the utilization process of hydrolysis products. In the reactor, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the two most abundant bacterial phyla with hydrolysis and acid-production abilities. The reactor not only had the functions of substrate stratification and continuous absorption of VFAs, but also had the upper layer hydrolysis and acid production and lower layer methane production. Therefore, the reactor can effectively extend the solid residence time, improve the hydrolysis and acidification efficiencies, and eliminate partial acid inhibition in the reactor.
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图 1 一体式两相厌氧反应器示意
注：1—主反应室；2—次反应室；3—沼液收集室；4—沼液出液口；5—沼液储存罐；6—输液泵；7—进料口；8—输液管；9—玻璃器壁；10—活动顶盖；11—回流沼液入口；12—喷淋装置；13—沼气出口；14—沼气储罐；15—pH测量孔；16—测温孔；17—pH和温度显示器；18—温度测量探头；19—pH探头；20—出料口；21—沼渣储罐；22—多孔板；23—沼渣出口；24—乙烯网；25—多孔底板.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor
图 4 主反应室和回流液的SCOD浓度的变化
Figure 4. Variations of SCOD concentration in main reaction chamber and reflux
图 5 主反应室和回流液的挥发性脂肪酸组分的变化
Figure 5. Variations of VFAs concentration in main reaction chamber and reflux
图 7 生物膜、发酵前后主反应室细菌门水平上相对丰度的变化
Figure 7. Variations of bacterial relative abundance at phyla level in biofilm, and main reaction chamber before and after fermentation
表 1 底物的基本特性
Table 1. Basic properties of the substrates
底物 TS含量/% VS含量/% VS含量/TS含量 化学需氧量/(mg/g) 总氮含量/(mg/g) 碳氮比 含水率/% 秸秆 92.0 78.9 0.86 3 375.50 127.66 39.66 8.0 猪粪 55.9 46.0 0.82 1 490.61 207.98 10.75 44.1 底泥 33.3 9.7 0.29 244.05 17.58 20.82 66.7 
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表 2 高通量测序与细菌群落多样性结果
Table 2. Results of high throughput sequencing and bacterial community diversity
样品 Sobs指数 Shannon-Wiener指数 Simpson指数 Ace指数 Chao指数 覆盖度 发酵初始阶段污泥 26 1.09 0.56 27.47 26 0.999 958 发酵结束阶段污泥 22 1.51 0.36 22.00 22 1.000 000 生物膜 24 0.90 0.64 25.60 25 0.999 938
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