Characteristics of Ozone and Their Relationship with Meteorological Factors from 2014 to 2021 in Jinan and Qingdao, China
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摘要: 为研究济南市和青岛市臭氧(O3)浓度长期变化特征及其气象影响因素，基于2014—2021年近地面O3连续8年观测资料和同期气象资料，揭示O3浓度长期变化特征，分析O3浓度与气象因子关系，阐明O3主要输送路径和潜在源区. 结果表明：①整体上，济南市O3污染程度高于青岛市，2个城市O3污染均集中在4—10月. 长期趋势上，2014—2021年济南市O3日最大8 h平均浓度第90百分位数(简称“O3-8 h 90th浓度”)总体呈先升后降的趋势，峰值出现在2019年；青岛市2019年和2017年O3-8 h 90th浓度相对较高，其他年份O3-8 h 90th浓度差异不大. 月变化上，济南市O3-8 h 90th浓度季节性变化较明显，呈单峰状；而青岛市受雨季和清洁海洋气流稀释作用，其O3-8 h 90th浓度呈双峰状. ②高温、低湿、小风等不利气象条件下更易发生O3污染. 相对于青岛市，济南市O3日最大8 h平均浓度(简称“O3-8 h浓度”)与气象因子的相关性更密切，尤其是与日间(08:00—17:00)平均气温(简称“T8-17”)的相关性最强，T8-17>15 ℃时，T8-17每升高1 ℃，O3-8 h浓度升高6.1 μg/m3；青岛市O3-8 h浓度随T8-17的升高总体呈波动式升高趋势，但升幅有限，T8-17每升高1 ℃，O3-8 h浓度仅升高1.5 μg/m3. ③济南市受来自西南、南偏东南方向的气流影响时，O3浓度平均值较高，分别为(113±51)(109±57)μg/m3；青岛市受来自内陆方向的西南气流影响时，O3浓度较高，平均值为(106±45)μg/m3. 2个城市O3外来主要潜在源区具有一定同源性，主要为苏皖鲁豫交界中东部和鲁中地区. 研究显示，2个城市O3污染均以本地污染为主，污染联防联控区域需要重点关注苏皖鲁豫交界中东部及鲁中地区.Abstract: Based on surface ozone (O3) mass concentrations and meteorological data in Jinan and Qingdao from 2014 to 2021, the variation characteristics of daily maximum 8-hour moving average of ozone concentrations (O3-8 h concentrations) and its relationship with meteorological factors were studied. Backward trajectories were also combined with O3 concentrations for trajectories clustering and potential source regions of O3 analysis. The results showed that the O3 pollution level in Jinan was generally higher than that of Qingdao. The O3 pollution episodes occurred from April to October. The annual trend of 90th percentile of O3-8 h concentrations (O3-8 h 90th concentrations ) in Jinan generally showed an upward trend and then a downward trend from 2014 to 2021. Moreover, the peak value of annual O3-8 h 90th concentrations in Jinan appeared in 2019. The annual O3-8 h 90th concentrations of Qingdao in 2019 and 2017 were a little higher than those in other years. The annual O3-8 h 90th concentrations of Qingdao in the other years showed little difference. The monthly variations of O3-8 h 90th concentrations in Jinan were more significant, with a unimodal distribution. However, the monthly variations of O3-8 h 90th concentrations in Qingdao showed a bimodal distribution due to the influence of summer rainy season and clean maritime air mass dilution. The high O3 concentration was more easily caused by unfavorable weather conditions, such as high temperature, low relative humidity and light wind. Compared with Qingdao, O3-8 h concentrations in Jinan had a closer correlation with meteorological factors, especially the average air temperature from 08:00 to 17:00 (T8-17). When T8-17 was greater than 15 ℃, O3-8 h concentration in Jinan increased by 6.1 μg/m3 for every 1 ℃ increase in T8-17. O3-8 h concentration in Qingdao was fluctuated and increased with the increase of T8-17. However, for every 1 ℃ increase in T8-17, O3-8 h concentration in Qingdao only increased by 1.5 μg/m3. The O3 concentration in Jinan was much higher, with an average of (113±51) and (109±57)μg/m3, respectively, when the airflow came from southwesterly and south-southeasterly areas, which was the central and eastern junction of Jiangsu-Anhui-Shandong-Henan region. The O3 concentration in Qingdao was (106±45)μg/m3, together with the southwesterly airflow beginning at the inland regions. The main potential source regions of O3 in Jinan and Qingdao were in the same region, mainly distribute in the central and eastern of junction Jiangsu-Anhui-Shandong-Henan region and the central Shandong region. Based on all the above research results, the O3 pollution in Jinan and Qingdao were mainly driven by local emissions. The regions of coordinated inter-regional O3 prevention and control for Jinan and Qingdao should focus on the central and eastern regions of the junction of Jiangsu-Anhui-Shandong-Henan and the central Shandong.
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Key words:
- Jinan /
- Qingdao /
- ozone (O3) /
- long-term trend /
- meteorological factor /
- potential source area
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图 1 2014—2021年济南市和青岛市O3-8 h 90th浓度和O3污染日的年变化情况
Figure 1. Annual O3-8 h 90th concentrations and O3 non-attainment days in Jinan and Qingdao from 2014 to 2021
图 2 2014—2021年济南市和青岛市O3-8 h 90th浓度和O3污染日的月变化情况
Figure 2. Monthly O3-8 h 90th concentrations and O3 non-attainment days in Jinan and Qingdao from 2014 to 2021
图 3 2014—2021年济南市和青岛市O3-8 h浓度时间序列KZ滤波分解
Figure 3. Decomposition of O3-8 h concentrations time-series by the KZ filter in Jinan and Qingdao from 2014 to 2021
图 4 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市O3-8 h浓度与T8-17、RH8-17的散点图
Figure 4. Scatter plots of O3-8 h concentrations, T8-17 and RH8-17 in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
图 5 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市不同T8-17、RH8-17、风速和气压区间对应的O3-8 h浓度
Figure 5. O3-8 h concentrations with different T8-17, RH8-17, wind speed and air pressure bin ranges in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
图 6 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市风向-风速与O3-8 h浓度以及风向-风频-风速玫瑰图
注：a、c图圈中数值代表风速，单位为m/s；b、d图圈中数值代表风频，单位为%.
Figure 6. Windrose maps of wind direction-wind speed-O3-8 h concentrations and wind direction-wind frequency-wind speed in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
图 7 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市O3-8 h浓度与T8-17、气压的散点图
Figure 7. Scatter plots of O3-8 h concentrations, T8-17 and air pressure in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
图 8 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市O3的WPSCF和WCWT的分布情况
Figure 8. WPSCF and WCWT distribution of O3 in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
表 1 2014—2021年济南市和青岛市O3-8 h浓度各分量方差贡献率
Table 1. Contributions of variance in O3-8 h concentrations component to total variance in Jinan and Qingdao from 2014 to 2021
分量 方差贡献率/% 济南市 青岛市 短期分量 30.4 45.5 季节分量 61.7 47.6 长期分量 3.1 0.9 合计 95.2 94.0 
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表 2 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市O3污染日和非污染日气象因子与O3-8 h浓度
Table 2. Comparison of meteorological parameters and O3-8 h concentrations between O3 non-attainment days and O3 attainment days in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
城市 类别 T8-17/℃ RH8-17 气压/hPa 风速/(m/s) O3-8 h浓度/(μg/m3) 济南市 污染日 29.1±3.1 45%±12% 1 007±5 2.5±1.0 190±23 非污染日 22.1±5.6 57%±21% 1 013±8 2.3±0.9 110±32 青岛市 污染日 25.6±3.8 63%±12% 999±5 3.0±0.7 184±21 非污染日 21.4±5.2 68%±18% 1 002±7 3.1±1.1 104±27
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表 3 2014—2021年4—10月济南市和青岛市后向轨迹聚类分析及对应的O3浓度
Table 3. Clustering statistics of backward trajectories with corresponding O3 concentrations in Jinan and Qingdao from April to October during 2014-2021
城市 轨迹类别 轨迹数/条 轨迹频率/% 轨迹途径主要地区 气流方向 O3浓度/(μg/m3) 济南市 Ⅰ 1 668 32.5 山东省潍坊市、淄博市 偏东 86±55 Ⅱ 491 9.6 河北省秦皇岛市、唐山市，山东省滨州市 北偏东北 71±42 Ⅲ 828 16.1 山西省大同市，河北省保定市、衡水市，以及山东省德州市 西北 83±48 Ⅳ 946 18.4 河南省开封市，以及山东省菏泽市、济宁市、泰安市 西南 113±51 Ⅴ 1 199 23.4 江苏省徐州市，以及山东省枣庄市、济宁市、泰安市 南偏东南 109±57 青岛市 Ⅰ 2 453 47.8 东南方向北黄海 东南 84±34 Ⅱ 723 14.1 渤海口、山东省烟台市 东北 76±34 Ⅲ 1 369 26.6 山东省滨州市、东营市、潍坊市 西北 86±45 Ⅳ 591 11.5 安徽省滁州市，江苏省连云港市、宿迁市，以及山东省日照市 西南 106±45
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