汾渭平原秋冬季PM<sub>2.5</sub>化学组分特征及其来源

李慧; 王涵; 严沁; 程苗苗; 李燕丽; 张文杰

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.01.09

汾渭平原秋冬季PM_2.5化学组分特征及其来源

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2023.01.09

中国环境科学研究院，环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室，北京　100012

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(No.2019YFC0214204)；中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务专项(No.2020YSKY-010)；大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目(No.DQGG0304)

详细信息

作者简介:
李慧（1988-），女，河南驻马店人，工程师，硕士，主要从事大气颗粒物污染特征、成因及空气质量改善对策研究，lihui@craes.org.cn

通讯作者:
张文杰(1979-)，女，山东青州人，研究员，博士，主要从事区域大气污染防治研究，zhangwj@craes.org.cn

中图分类号: X513
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-08-19
- 修回日期: 2022-11-11

Chemical Composition Characteristics and Source Apportionment of PM_2.5 in the Fenwei Plain in Autumn and Winter

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2019YFC0214204); Central Research Institutes of Basic Research and Public Service Special Operations, China (No.2020YSKY-010); National Research Program for Key Issues in Air Pollution Control, China (No.DQGG0304)

摘要

摘要: 汾渭平原是我国空气污染最严重的区域之一，2018年被列为重点区域. 本研究针对汾渭平原11城市开展PM_2.5化学组分连续观测，分析PM_2.5浓度和主要化学组分的时空分布规律，并利用PMF模型解析PM_2.5污染来源. 结果表明：①2018—2019年秋冬季汾渭平原11城市ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为(101.4±65.4)μg/m³，是京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市的1.1倍. 临汾市ρ(PM_2.5)最高(216.8 μg/m³)，是汾渭平原的2.1倍. ②2018—2019年秋冬季汾渭平原PM_2.5的主要化学组分是有机物、硝酸根离子、地壳物质和硫酸根离子，其中地壳物质占比是京津冀及周边地区的1.6倍. ③受污染物排放、气象条件以及地理位置的影响，汾渭平原PM_2.5中有机物、硝酸根离子、地壳物质、硫酸根离子、铵根离子和氯离子的空间分布具有明显的差异性. ④随着污染的加重，硝酸根离子、硫酸根离子和氯离子在PM_2.5中的占比均逐渐增加，地壳物质、元素碳、微量元素等与一次排放相关的组分占比随污染加重逐渐减少，表明污染期间燃煤源管控仍需进一步加严，而对扬尘源和机动车等污染源的管控起到了良好的效果. ⑤重污染过程期间，相对湿度增加、风速减小是影响PM_2.5浓度上升的客观因素，二次组分以及与燃煤源和生物质燃烧源有关的化学组分的增长是影响PM_2.5浓度上升的重要原因，二次源和燃烧源是PM_2.5的主要来源. 研究显示，汾渭平原秋冬季PM_2.5污染较重，尤其需要关注燃烧源的管控.
- 汾渭平原 /
- 秋冬季 /
- PM_2.5来源 /
- 化学组分 /
- 重污染
Abstract: The Fenwei Plain was one of the areas with the most serious air pollution issue in China, and was listed as the key air pollution control area in 2018. This study carried out continuous observation of PM_2.5 chemical components in 11 cities in the Fenwei Plain, analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of PM_2.5 concentration and main chemical components, and used PMF model to analyze the source of PM_2.5 pollution. It showed that the average concentration of PM_2.5 was (101.4±65.4) μg/m³ in the Fenwei Plain in autumn and winter of 2018-2019, which was 1.1 times higher than that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas. The average concentration of PM_2.5 in Linfen City was the highest, the concentration value reached 216.8 μg/m³, which was 2.1 times higher than that of the Fenwei Plain. The main chemical components of PM_2.5 in the Fenwei Plain in autumn and winter were organic matter, nitrate, crustal materials and sulfate. And the proportion of the crustal materials was 1.6 times of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas. Affected by pollutant emissions, meteorological conditions and geographical location, the spatial distribution of organic matter, nitrate, crustal materials, sulfate, ammonium and chloride ions in PM_2.5 in the Fenwei Plain were obviously different. With the aggravation of pollution level, the proportion of nitrate, sulfate and chloride ions in PM_2.5 gradually increased, and the proportion of crustal materials, elemental carbon, trace elements and other components related to primary emissions gradually decreased with the aggravation of pollution. It showed that the control of coal combustion sources still needed to be further tightened during the pollution period, and the control of dust sources, motor vehicles and other pollution sources had achieved good results. In the heavy pollution process, the increase of relative humidity and the decrease of wind speed were the objective factors leading to PM_2.5 concentration increase, and the increase of secondary components and chemical components related to coal combustion sources and biomass combustion sources were the important reasons for the increase in PM_2.5 concentration. Secondary source of pollution and combustion were the main source of PM_2.5 during heavy pollution. The research showed that PM_2.5 pollution in the Fenwei Plain was heavy in autumn and winter, and special attention should be paid to the control of combustion sources and dust sources.
- Feiwei Plain /
- autumn and winter /
- source of PM_2.5 /
- chemical composition /
- heavy pollution

HTML全文

图 1 2018年秋冬季汾渭平原11城市PM_2.5浓度变化

Figure 1. PM_2.5 concentration change in Fenwei Plain in autumn and winter of 2018

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图 2 2018年秋冬季汾渭平原和京津冀及周边地区PM_2.5化学组分占比

Figure 2. The proportion of PM_2.5chemical components in Fenwei Plain and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas in autumn and winter of 2018

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图 3 2018年秋冬季汾渭平原11城市PM_2.5及其主要化学组分浓度的空间分布情况

Figure 3. The spatial distribution of PM_2.5 and its chemical components in Fenwei Plain in autumn and winter of 2018

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图 4 2018年12月28日—2019年1月15日汾渭平原相对湿度、风速以及PM_2.5和化学组分浓度

Figure 4. The relative humidity, wind speed, PM_2.5 concentration and chemical composition of Fenwei Plain from December 28^th, 2018 to January 15^th, 2019

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图 5 汾渭平原PMF源解析因子贡献浓度

Figure 5. Contribution of PMF source analytical factor of Fenwei Plain

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表 1 汾渭平原11城市采样点及采样仪器信息

Table 1. Information of sampling points and sampling instruments of each city in the Fenwei Plain

城市	采样点名称	地理位置	采样点类型	采样仪器厂家(型号)
运城市	技校站点	35°03′03′′N、110°96′86′′E	城市区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
临汾市	襄汾站点	35°53′08″N、111°26′12″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	青岛崂应环境科技有限公司(2050型)
三门峡市	市政府站点	34°41′57″N、111°04′14″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	青岛众瑞智能仪器有限公司(ZR-3930D型)
铜川市	矿山救援中心站点	34°52′54″N、108°58′20″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
宝鸡市	环境监测中心站站点	34°21′35″N、107°09′14″E	生活区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
晋中市	晋中市生态环境局榆次分局站点	37°42′47″N、112°44′17″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
西安市	中科院地环所站点	34°13′43″N、108°53′15″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
洛阳市	凯旋路小学站点	34°40′06″N、112°26′35″E	交通区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)
吕梁市	生态环境局站点	37°31′47″N、111°10′57″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	青岛崂应环境科技有限公司(2050型)
咸阳市	咸阳市实验中学站点	34°19′08″N、108°41′02″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	美国AIRMETRICS便携式空气采样器(Mini-Vol型)
渭南市	市监测站站点	34°29′31″N、109°30′32″E	文教、交通、商业混合区	武汉市天虹仪表有限责任公司(TH-16A型)

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表 2 汾渭平原11城市PM_2.5浓度实测值及其化学组分浓度质控结果

Table 2. Quality control results of PM_2.5concentration and chemical component concentration of each city in the Fenwei Plain

城市	PM_2.5浓度实测值与在线监测值的相关性	PM_2.5浓度重构值与实测值的相关性	阳离子当量浓度/阴离子当量浓度	质控后有效样品个数
运城市	0.73	0.89	0.72	139
临汾市	0.70	0.92	1.53	94
三门峡市	0.72	0.92	1.20	126
铜川市	0.71	0.89	1.52	151
宝鸡市	0.78	0.80	0.98	141
晋中市	0.79	0.96	1.21	65
西安市	0.78	0.93	1.63	165
洛阳市	0.80	0.93	1.64	138
吕梁市	0.71	0.89	0.81	72
咸阳市	0.78	0.92	0.40	155
渭南市	0.87	0.96	0.86	106

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表 3 不同污染等级下汾渭平原PM_2.5及其化学组分浓度

Table 3. The variations of the concentration of PM_2.5 and its main chemical compositions under different pollution levels in autumn and winter of 2018

项目	优、良天	轻度和中度污染		重度及以上污染
项目	浓度/(μg/m³)	浓度/(μg/m³)	与优-良天相比浓度增幅/%	浓度/(μg/m³)	与轻度和中度污染相比浓度增幅/%	与优-良天相比浓度增幅/%
PM_2.5	66.2	117.6	79.5	177.9	49.2	168.7
有机物	13.9(20.8%)	25.5(21.4%)	84.1	37.2(20.9%)	46.0	168.7
硝酸根离子	9.5(14.3%)	21.6(18.1%)	127.9	35.0(19.6%)	61.9	268.8
地壳物质	8.7(13.1%)	7.5(6.3%)	−13.8	9.5(5.3%)	26.7	9.2
硫酸根离子	6.0(9.0%)	12.0(10.1%)	101.2	18.8(10.5%)	56.4	214.6
铵根离子	3.8(5.7%)	8.0(6.7%)	112.9	10.6(6.0%)	32.8	182.7
元素碳	3.1(4.7%)	5.5(4.6%)	76.3	7.6(4.3%)	39.6	146.1
氯离子	2.1(3.2%)	4.8(4.0%)	126.5	8.0(4.5%)	65.9	275.7
微量元素	1.8(2.7%)	2.9(2.4%)	63.0	3.6(2.0%)	23.2	100.9
注：括号中数值为化学组分在PM_2.5中的占比.

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