Driving Factors of Phytoplankton Functional Groups and Applicability of Water Quality Evaluation: A Case Study of Lake Luoma
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摘要: 浮游植物在水生态系统中占有重要地位，因其对环境的敏感性而常被用来评估水体健康状况，但其对环境的响应未能充分考虑水生态系统的功能性. 为了解浮游植物功能群对环境的驱动特征和适用性，以骆马湖为研究对象，基于2018年9月—2020年6月8次采样调查结果，分析了浮游植物功能群的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的关系，并对比了TLI指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Q指数等评价方法对骆马湖的适用性. 结果表明：①骆马湖共检出浮游植物8门104属，可划分为29个功能群，其中9个功能群(P、J、D、MP、A、Y、Lo、X2和W1)为该湖的优势功能群. ②2018年9月—2020年6月骆马湖优势功能群表现为P/J/MP→D/X2→MP→Lo/P→MP的季节性演替特征，其中冬季和初春以D、X2、Lo、P功能群占绝对优势，夏季以MP功能群占绝对优势. ③利用冗余分析(RDA)探讨骆马湖浮游植物功能群与环境因子间的相互关系，结果表明水温(WT)、pH、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)和氮磷比(N/P)是影响骆马湖浮游植物功能群的主要环境因子. ④综合对比TLI指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Q指数3种水质评价方法发现，利用Q指数进行水质评价方法能更好地反映骆马湖水体的营养状态. 研究显示，功能群能直观反映骆马湖浮游植物季节性演替特征，Q指数能客观指示骆马湖水质状况.Abstract: Phytoplankton plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems and is often used to assess water body health due to its sensitivity to the environment, but its response to the environment has not fully considered its function in aquatic ecosystems.In order to understand the driving characteristics and applicability of phytoplankton functional groups to the environment, a survey of phytoplankton and environmental factors in Luoma Lake was conducted with 8 sampling events in 4 seasons from September 2018 to June 2020, and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of phytoplankton functional groups and their relationship with environmental factors were analyed. The applicability of evaluation methods such as TLI index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Q index to Luoma Lake was compared. The results showed that: (1) A total of 104 genera and 8 phyla were detected in Luoma Lake, which could be divided into 29 functional groups, and 9 functional groups (P, J, D, MP, A, Y, Lo, X2 and W1) were the dominant functional groups. (2) From September 2018 to June 2020, the dominant functional groups showed the seasonal succession characteristics of P/J/MP→D/X2→MP→Lo/P→MP, D, X2, Lo and P dominated in winter and early spring, and MP dominated in summer. (3) Water temperature (WT), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (CODMn) and nitrogen/phosphorus ratio (N/P) were the main environmental factors affecting the phytoplankton functional groups in Luoma Lake. (4) A comprehensive comparison of three water quality evaluation methods, including the TLI index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Q index, revealed that the water quality assessment method using Q index can better reflect the water nutrition status of Luoma Lake. The study showed that functional groups can directly reflect the seasonal succession characteristics of phytoplankton in Luoma Lake, and Q index can objectively indicate the water quality of Luoma Lake.
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Key words:
- Luoma Lake /
- phytoplankton /
- functional group /
- Q index /
- environmental factors
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图 2 骆马湖浮游植物物种组成和优势属
Figure 2. Phytoplankton species composition and dominant species in Luoma Lake
图 3 骆马湖不同季节和区域功能群分布特征
Figure 3. Distribution characteristics of functional groups in different seasons and regions of Luoma Lake
图 4 浮游植物优势功能群与环境因子的RDA分析
Figure 4. RDA analysis of dominant phytoplankton functional groups and environmental factors
图 5 骆马湖各区域Q指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和TLI指数的季度变化
Figure 5. Q index, Shannon-Wiener index and TLI index of different sites of Lake Luoma indifferent seasons
图 6 骆马湖环境因子与Q指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和TLI指数的Pearson相关性分析
注：1—WT；2—SD；3—DO浓度；4—pH；5—TN浓度；6—TP浓度；7—NH4+-N浓度；8—NO3−-N浓度；9—CODMn浓度；10—Chla浓度；11—N/P；12—TLI指数；13—Shannon-Wiener多样性指数；14—Q指数. *表示P<0.05，**表示P<0.01，***表示P<0.001.
Figure 6. Pearson correlation of environmental factors with Q index, Shannon-Wiener index and TLI index in Luoma Lake
表 1 2018年9月—2020年6月骆马湖不同季节水体环境因子的变化
Table 1. Environmental factors in different seasons of Luoma Lake from September 2018 to June 2020
时间 水质指标 平均值±标准差 P(S) P(T) 秋季 冬季 春季 夏季 2018年9月—2019年8月 WT/℃ 17.90±4.13 4.19±1.91 14.45±4.56 26.81±0.68 ** — DO浓度/(mg/L) 7.39±0.45 10.56±0.65 9.25±1.42 6.46±0.48 ** — SD/cm 59.66±10.10 81.73±0.36 74.72±28.17 55.80±17.48 ** — pH 7.97±0.31 8.31±0.13 8.18±0.36 8.18±0.14 — — TN浓度/(mg/L) 2.78±0.42 3.77±0.90 2.30±0.69 2.31±1.82 — ** TP浓度/(mg/L) 0.16±0.06 0.08±0.04 0.03±0.01 0.10±0.06 — ** NH4+-N浓度/(mg/L) 0.37±0.02 0.47±0.10 0.35±0.14 0.27±0.07 — — NO3−-N浓度/(mg/L) 1.88±0.14 1.50±0.33 1.15±0.29 1.11±1.36 — ** CODMn浓度/(mg/L) 4.72±0.34 4.42±0.07 4.02±0.20 4.87±0.07 — — Chla浓度/(mg/m3) 15.03±5.24 10.67±1.29 7.31±1.95 21.99±7.55 ** — N/P 27.85±20.12 69.57±11.83 97.08±34.53 24.03±9.40 ** — 2019年9月—2020年6月 WT/℃ 18.89±6.06 6.04±0.96 16.34±6.50 27.88±1.23 ** — DO浓度/(mg/L) 6.94±0.39 8.31±0.12 8.08±0.08 7.82±0.12 ** — SD/cm 69.17±9.40 73.89±9.42 75.90±9.79 74.48±12.47 — — pH 8.04±0.09 7.54±0.06 7.67±0.19 7.69±0.16 — — TN浓度/(mg/L) 3.44±0.78 2.54±0.09 1.93±0.57 2.57±1.22 — ** TP浓度(mg/L) 0.09±0.02 0.05±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.13±0.07 — ** NH4+-N浓度/(mg/L) 0.27±0.02 0.19±0.05 0.33±0.16 0.46±0.20 — — NO3−-N浓度/(mg/L) 2.19±0.65 1.39±0.09 0.95±0.35 1.41±1.01 — ** CODMn浓度/(mg/L) 4.44±0.36 3.96±0.11 3.13±0.07 4.68±0.59 — — Chla浓度/(mg/m3) 16.05±3.40 12.53±4.05 10.72±4.27 28.59±3.23 ** — N/P 50.76±5.24 57.96±8.51 61.63±27.98 25.50±5.40 ** — 注：P(S)为季节性显著；P(T)为湖区空间性显著；**表示具有显著性差异，P<0.05；—表示无显著差异，P>0.05. 
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表 2 骆马湖浮游植物功能群分组
Table 2. Phytoplankton functional groups in Luoma lake
功能群代码 代表属 生境(环境描述) A 小环藻属(Cyclotella sp.) 中营养型的小中型水体，对硅缺乏和分层敏感 C 星杆藻属(Asterionella sp.) 富营养型的小中型湖泊，无分层现象 D 针杆藻属(Synedra sp.) 河流在内的浑浊水体 E 锥囊藻属(Dinobryon sp.) 小型浅水寡营养湖泊 F 蹄形藻属(Kirchneriella sp.)、卵囊藻属(Oocystis sp.) 中或富营养型、均匀的、清澈的深水湖泊 G 实球藻属(Pandorina sp.)、空球藻属(Eudorina sp.) 富营养型小型湖泊 H1 鱼腥藻属(Dolichospermum sp.) 小型富营养湖泊，分层的低氮水体 J 栅藻属(Scendesmus sp.)、四角藻属(Tetraedron sp.) 混合的高营养型浅水水体 LM 角藻属(Ceratium sp.) 富到超富营养、中小型水体 Lo 色球藻属(Chroococcus sp.)、平裂藻属(Merismopedia sp.)、
多甲藻属(Peridinium sp.)寡营养型到富营养型湖泊 M 微囊藻属(Microcystis sp.) 富或高富营养的小中型水体 MP 颤藻属(Oscillatoria sp.)、卵形藻属(Cocconeis sp.)、双菱藻
(Surirella sp.)频繁扰动的浑浊型浅水湖泊 N 鼓藻属(Cosmarium sp.) 持续或半持续的混合水层 NA 角星鼓藻属(Staurodesmus sp.) 贫到中营养、静水、低纬 度地区 P 新月藻属(Closterium sp.)、脆杆藻属(Fragilaria sp.) 混合程度较高的中富营养浅水水体 S1 伪鱼腥藻(Anabaenopsis sp.) 对光照、冲刷敏感，适合生活于暗环境中 S2 螺旋藻属(Spirulina sp.) 温暖、高碱性、浅水 SN 尖头藻属(Raphidiopisi sp.) 温暖的混合水体 T 转板藻属(Mougeotia sp.) 持续混合层，光限制，低营养 TB 舟形藻属(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻属(Cymbella sp.) 强急流 TC 鞘藻属(Oedocladium sp.) 富营养静止水体 TD 水棉藻属(Spirogyra sp.) 中营养型的静止水体，水体流速慢、大型挺水植物或沉水植物密集的河流 W1 裸藻属(Euglena sp.) 富含有机质、或农业废水和生活污水的水体 W2 囊裸藻属(Trachelomonas sp.) 中营养浅水湖泊 X1 纤维藻属(Ankistrodesmus sp.) 混合程度较高的富营养浅水水体 X2 衣藻属(Chlamydomonas sp.) 混合程度较高的中富营养浅水水体 X3 布纹藻属(Gyrosigma sp.) 浅水、清水、混合层 Y 裸甲藻属(Gymnodinium sp.)、隐藻属(Cryptomonas sp.) 广适性静水环境 Z 集星藻属(Actinastrum sp.) 贫营养无扰动型湖泊
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