Abstract: Pillar industries play an important role in the high-quality development of urban economy. Resource-based pillar industries bring uncertainty to the sustainable development of cities because of their resource advantages and ecological environment pressure. Taking the rare earth industry as an example, this study comprehensively evaluated the impact of the rare earth industry on urbanization in Ganzhou from 2010 to 2019 by constructing the coupling coordination evaluation system of rare earth industry and urbanization and the labor force index evaluation method. The results showed that the coupling degree of rare earth industry and urbanization development had always maintained a high value above 0.8 in Ganzhou. Although the development of rare earth industry has been greatly affected by industrial policies in recent years, the continuous adjustment and optimization of rare earth industry structure made the rare earth industry and the urbanization of Ganzhou increasingly coordinated, indicating that the existing rare earth policy was conducive to the high-quality development of the city. In addition, the mining and manufacturing sectors of rare earth industry of rare earth had different impacts on labor agglomeration. Rare earth mining had a negative impact on population agglomeration, while rare earth manufacturing industry was more conducive to population agglomeration. In order to solve the problems of Ganzhou rare earth industry development dilemma and further enhance the level of urbanization Ganzhou, it is necessary to adhere to innovation. It is suggested to ensure green mining of rare earth as the basis of development and extend the rare earth industry chain to promote the high-quality development of the industry and urban upgrading.upgrading.