海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议

李道季

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2018.11.25

海洋微塑料污染状况及其应对措施建议

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2018.11.25

李道季^{1, 2,}

1.
华东师范大学, 河口海岸学国家重点实验室, 上海 200062
2.
华东师范大学海洋塑料研究中心, 上海 200062

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目 2016YFC1402205

国家自然科学基金项目 41676190

详细信息

作者简介:
李道季(1962-), 男, 江苏省徐州人, 教授, 博士, 主要从事海洋生态与环境以及生物海洋学研究, daojili@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: X83
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-07-30
- 修回日期: 2018-11-20
- 刊出日期: 2019-02-25

Research Advance and Countermeasures on Marine Microplastic Pollution

LI Daoji^{1, 2
,}

1.
State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
2.
Research Center of Marine Debris, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China

Funds:

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2016YFC1402205

National Natural Science Fund of China 41676190

摘要

摘要: 海洋塑料垃圾污染是人类面临的最为急迫的全球海洋环境问题之一，已引起各国政府、公众、科学界、媒体及非政府组织等的广泛关注，并成为当前海洋生态与环境研究的热点问题之一，亟待应对和解决.从水体、沉积物及生物体内海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料污染特征、来源及归趋角度，阐述了海洋微塑料垃圾的分布特征、潜在生态风险和应对措施，以及国内外应对海洋塑料及微塑料污染所采取的管控措施，介绍了各国政府和非政府组织所提出的法律法规和公约倡议.鉴于当前鲜见典型区域塑料污染管控和生态风险评估体系研究，从科学研究和管理控制两个方面，进一步指出现阶段在海洋塑料垃圾及微塑料研究和管控方面存在的诸多问题，如方法学（采集、预处理和分析）的差异性，来源、输运与归趋尚不明确，生态风险评估体系未建立及相关管控的法律法规待健全等.在此基础上对我国海洋塑料和微塑料研究提出建议：①深入研究与国际接轨的标准化塑料及微塑料研究方法学（样本采集、预处理和分析）问题、准确估算入海通量、环境归趋及环境浓度下潜在的生态风险等；②支持开展海洋塑料垃圾和微塑料研究专题的大洋航次（太平洋和印度洋等），系统地开展河流系统-深海海盆-极地等的海洋微塑料综合研究；③研发水环境中塑料和微塑料垃圾的拦截和处理技术，制定和强化塑料及微塑料管控的法律法规和政策措施；④建立完善的海洋塑料垃圾污染公共环境意识教育体系，以唤起公众对海洋污染的关注.
- 海洋污染 /
- 海洋塑料垃圾 /
- 微塑料 /
- 管控建议
Abstract: Marine plastic debris is one of the most urgent global marine environmental concerns, drawing increasing attention globally from governments, the public, scientists, media and non-governmental organizations, and has become an important topic in current marine ecology and environmental research. In terms of the characterization, source and fate of plastic debris in water bodies, sediments and biota, this paper gives brief review on the research advances on the distribution, potential ecological risks, control measures for marine plastic debris and microplastics in different counties and relevant laws, regulations and conventions proposed by governments and non-governmental organizations. Given the lack of understanding on distribution of microplastics and ecological risk assessment system, this paper points out the existing problems in the methodology (collection, pretreatment and analysis), source and fate, ecological risk assessment and laws, regulations and policies of marine microplastics in scientific research and pollution management. Meanwhile, standardized methods, verified systematic ecological risk assessment models and relevant laws and regulations have not been well developed or established. The following suggestions on future research and management are put forward: (1) Unified and consistent analysis methods with international standards should soon developed, including the sampling, pretreatment and analysis; accurate estimation of microplastics input from terrestrial environment; potential ecological risk under environmental concentration. (2) Support for marine plastic debris and microplastics research in open sea voyages (Pacific and Indian Ocean), and systematic research on marine microplastics in riverine systems, deep sea basins and polar regions should be carried out. (3) Develop filtration system to recover plastic debris and microplastics in aquatic environment; establish relevant laws and policy to better manage plastic waste on land. (4) Improve public education system on marine plastic debris pollution to build awareness and call for public's attention to marine pollution.
- marine pollution /
- marine plastic debris /
- microplastics /
- control suggestions

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