Process, Achievements and Experience of Air Pollution Control in China Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China 70 Years Ago
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摘要: 自20世纪70年代以来，我国在经济持续增长、能源消耗不断增加的同时，及时缓解了各类主要的大气环境问题，有效避免了欧美发达国家曾经出现的严重大气污染灾害.然而，目前我国仍然面临着大气污染尤其是二次污染的严峻挑战.为此，非常有必要全面梳理与分析新中国成立70年以来，特别是自20世纪70年代至今，我国大气污染防治的历程、成就与经验.结果表明：我国在各阶段的大气污染防治过程中均取得了较为明显的环境空气质量改善成就与较为丰富的污染防控经验，并在此过程中形成了具有中国特色的大气污染防治理论与管理模式，构建了系统科学的大气污染综合防控体系.今后我国大气污染治理工作应进一步明确各级政府主体责任，强化重点污染源治理，继续调整优化四大结构，统筹兼顾，强化区域联防联控，强化科技能力建设，注重大气环境问题预测，加强环境科学与技术研究，共同推进大气污染防治，打赢蓝天保卫战.Abstract: Since 1970s, the major atmospheric environmental problems have been mitigated in time, severe atmospheric pollution disasters have been avoided efficiently, and the air quality has been improved significantly along with China's rapid economic growth and sustained increase in energy consumption. However, at present, China still faces serious challenges of air pollution, especially secondary pollution. Therefore, the process, achievements and experience of China's air pollution prevention and control since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the 1970s, were combed and analysed comprehensively. The achievements of air quality improvement, new theory and new management modes with Chinese characteristics were highlighted and a control system was established in the process of prevention and control of atmospheric pollution and the systematic scientific air pollution prevention. China's future air pollution control work should further clarify the main responsibilities of governments at all levels, strengthen the management of key pollution sources, continue to adjust and optimize the four major structures, make overall plans, strengthen regional joint defense and control, strengthen scientific and technological capacity building, pay attention to the prediction of atmospheric environmental problems, and strengthen research in environmental science and technology. In this way, the prevention and control of atmospheric pollution will be promoted together, so that the three-year plan on defending the blue sky will be completed satisfactorily.
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Key words:
- air pollution /
- process /
- achievements /
- experience /
- enlightenment
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图 1 1949—2017年我国主要大气污染物排放量的变化趋势
Figure 1. Variation trends of major air pollutants in China during 1949-2017
图 2 1981—2018年我国重点区域主要大气污染物平均浓度的变化趋势
Figure 2. Variation trends of average concentrations of major air pollutants in key regions of China during 1981-2018
图 3 1991—2018年全国降水不同pH范围的城市数量占比
注：数据来源于1991—2016年的《中国环境状况公报》、2017—2018年的《中国生态环境状况公报》.
Figure 3. Proportion of cities with different pH ranges for precipitation in China from 1991 to 2018
图 4 我国大气污染防治法规体系的建立与执行程序
Figure 4. Establishment and implementation of laws and regulations on air pollution control in China
图 5 我国大气污染防治法律法规体系
Figure 5. China′s system of laws and regulations on air pollution prevention and control
图 6 我国空气质量标准和相关法律法规发展历程
注：蓝字为标准中原有的评价项目，红字为标准修订版中新增或更改的评价项目.
Figure 6. Development process of ambient air quality standard system in China
表 1 我国不同时期大气污染防治工作的特点
Table 1. Characteristics of air pollution prevention in China during different periods
项目 起步阶段(1972—1990年) 发展阶段(1991—2000年) 大事记 1972年我国组团参加联合国人类环境会议，1973年第一次全国环境保护会议召开，筹建中国环境科学研究院 1992年我国参加联合国环境与发展会议，1994年发布《中国21世纪议程》 污染特征 逐渐出现局地大气污染 出现区域性大气污染，酸雨问题突出 环保机构 原国务院环境保护领导小组 原国家环境保护局 防治对象 烟尘、悬浮颗粒物 酸雨、SO2、悬浮颗粒物 工作重点 排放源监管，工业点源治理，消除烟尘 燃煤锅炉与工业排放治理，重点城市和区域污染防治 法律法规与规划方案 • 《关于保护和改善环境的若干规定》
• 《宪法》(1978年修订)
• 《中华人民共和国环境保护法(试行)》
• 《大气污染防治法》• 《大气污染防治法实施细则》
• 《大气污染防治法》(1995年和2000年两次修订)
• 《酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区划分方案》
• 《征收工业燃煤二氧化硫排污费试点方案》
• 《汽车排气污染监督管理办法》
• 《机动车排放污染防治技术政策》排放与空气质量标准 • GBJ 4—1973《工业“三废”排放试行标准》
• GB 3095—1982《大气环境质量标准》• GB 13271—1991《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》
• GB 3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》
• GB 13223—1996《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》项目 转型阶段(2001—2010年) 攻坚阶段(2011年至今) 大事记 我国举办2008年北京奥运会，为保障城市空气质量，试点实施大气污染的区域联防联控 2013年我国东部遭遇连续的灰霾污染、PM2.5“爆表”，出台《大气污染防治行动计划》，开展中央环保督查 污染特征 大气污染呈现区域性、复合型的新特征 区域性、复合型大气污染 环保机构 原国家环境保护总局, 原环境保护部 原环境保护部, 生态环境部 防治对象 SO2、NOx和PM10 霾、PM2.5、PM10 工作重点 实行污染物总量控制，实施区域联防联控 多种污染源综合控制，多污染物协同控制，重污染预报预警 法律法规与规划方案 • 《两控区酸雨和二氧化硫污染防治“十五”计划》
• 《现有燃煤电厂二氧化硫治理“十一五”规划》
• 《二氧化硫总量分配指导意见》
• 《关于推进大气污染联防联控工作改善区域空气质量的指导意见》• 《大气污染防治行动计划》
• 《大气污染防治法》(2015年和2018年两次修订)
• 《重点区域大气污染防治“十二五”规划》
• 《“十二五”主要污染物总量减排目标责任书》
• 《能源发展战略行动计划(2014—2020年)》
• 《“十三五”生态环境保护规划》
• 《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》排放与空气质量标准 • GB 13271—2001《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》
• GB 13223—2003《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》• GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》 
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