静水与流水条件下沉水植物生长对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移的影响

刘子健; 李卫明; 张续同; 张坤; 陈圣盛; 熊伟唯

doi:10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.12.11

静水与流水条件下沉水植物生长对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移的影响

doi: 10.13198/j.issn.1001-6929.2022.12.11

刘子健^{1, 2,},
李卫明^{1, 2, ,},
张续同^{1, 2},
张坤^{1, 2},
陈圣盛^{1, 2},
熊伟唯^{1, 2}

1.
三峡大学，三峡水库生态系统湖北省野外科学观测研究站，湖北宜昌　443002
2.
三峡大学水利与环境学院，湖北宜昌　443002

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(No.51979149)；国家重点研发计划项目(No.2022YFC3203902, 2022YFC3203905)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘子健（1997-），男，湖北天门人，1449267453@qq.com

通讯作者:
李卫明(1979-)，男，湖北宜都人，教授，博士，主要从事生态水利学研究，lwm000001@126.com

中图分类号: X52
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-04
- 修回日期: 2022-12-09

Effects of Submerged Macrophytes on Phosphorus Transport between Overlying Water and Sediment in the Growth Period under Static and Flowing Conditions

LIU Zijian^{1, 2
,},
LI Weiming^{1, 2
, ,},
ZHANG Xutong^{1, 2},
ZHANG Kun^{1, 2},
CHEN Shengsheng^{1, 2},
XIONG Weiwei^{1, 2}

1.
Hubei Field Observation and Scientific Research Stations for Water Ecosystem in Three Gorges Reservoir, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
2.
College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China

Funds: General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51979149)；National Key Research and Development Program Project of China (No.2022YFC3203902, 2022YFC3203905)

摘要

摘要: 沉水植物生长可有效降低河湖内源磷污染. 为探究沉水植物在静水(v=0 m/s)和流水(v=0.10 m/s)条件下对上覆水和沉积物磷迁移影响，选取苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)为研究对象，测定其生长期间上覆水、沉积物中各形态磷含量和沉水植物生物量，并监测环境因子变化. 结果表明：①苦草和黑藻生长期间上覆水和沉积物中各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势，并在一定时期维持在较低水平. 相同流速下黑藻对上覆水磷的吸收效果优于苦草，苦草能抑制沉积物表面磷释放. ②试验20 d后，苦草和黑藻组上覆水各形态磷浓度显著低于对照组，试验结束时静水苦草组、静水黑藻组、流水苦草组和流水黑藻组上覆水TP(总磷)浓度相比对照组分别下降了0.13、0.15、0.19和0.25 mg/L. 静水条件下沉水植物以降低上覆水中DTP(溶解性总磷)为主，流水条件下以减少DTP和PP(颗粒磷)为主. ③试验结束时，苦草组和黑藻组沉积物TP含量在静水条件下分别下降了91.78、93.25 mg/kg，流水条件下分别下降了83.51、81.03 mg/kg；NaOH-P(NaOH提取磷)含量在静水条件下分别下降了57.76、55.86 mg/kg，流水条件下分别下降了24.52、19.24 mg/kg，沉积物从轻度污染逐步转为未受污染. ④试验50 d，苦草生物量在静水和流水条件下分别增加了353.08和402.03 g，黑藻生物量分别增加了415.00和477.08 g，沉水植物生物增长量在流水条件下显著高于静水组. 研究显示，苦草、黑藻生长均能有效吸收磷，在流水条件下可促进沉水植物生长和磷的吸收，同时改变了上覆水溶解氧(DO)浓度和pH等环境因子，从而影响磷在上覆水和沉积物的迁移及磷形态的转变.
- 水动力 /
- 沉水植物 /
- 上覆水 /
- 沉积物 /
- 磷形态
Abstract: Submerged macrophytes can effectively reduce the internal loading of phosphorus (P) in lakes and rivers. To investigate the effects of submerged macrophytes on P migration and transformation in overlying water and sediment under static (v=0 m/s) and flowing (v=0.10 m/s) conditions, Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata were tested. The concentrations of different P forms in overlying water, sediment, and the biomass of submerged macrophytes during the growth period were measured. Changes in environmental factors were simultaneously monitored. The results showed that: (1) During the growth period of V. natans and H. verticillata, the concentrations of different P forms in the overlying water and sediment tended to decrease and maintain low over a period of a time. The absorption of P in overlying water by H. verticillata was better than that by V. natans, while V. natans inhibited the release of P from the sediment surface. (2) On the 20^th day of the experiment, the concentrations of all P forms in the overlying water in the V. natans and H. verticillata groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. At the end of the experiment, the concentrations of total P (TP) in overlying water of the static V. natans, static H. verticillata, flowing V. natans, and flowing H. verticillata groups decreased by 0.13, 0.15, 0.19, and 0.25 mg/L, respectively, compared with that of the control group. In the static experimental group, the decrease of dissolved TP (DTP) was observed, while the decrease of both DTP and particulate P (PP) were seen in the flowing experimental group. (3) The TP concentrations in the V. natans and H. verticillata groups decreased by 91.78 and 93.25 mg/kg under static conditions and 83.51 and 81.03 mg/kg under flowing conditions, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentrations of NaOH extracted P (NaOH-P) in the V. natans and H. verticillata groups decreased by 57.76 and 55.86 mg/kg under static conditions and 24.52 and 19.24 mg/kg under flowing conditions, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the sediment had changed from slightly polluted to unpolluted in the experimental group in the experiment. (4) On the 50^th day of the experiment, the biomass of V. natans increased by 353.08 and 402.03 g under static and flowing conditions, respectively, while the biomass of H. verticillata increased by 415.00 and 477.08 g, respectively. The growth of submerged macrophytes under flowing conditions was significantly better than that under static conditions. The results showed that V. natans and H. verticillate can absorb P during the growth period, and flowing conditions can promote the growth and P uptake of submerged macrophytes. The associated changes in the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and other environmental factors in the overlying water are attributable to P transport across the sediment-water interface and the P transformation.
- hydrodynamics /
- submerged macrophytes /
- overlying water /
- sediment /
- phosphorous form

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图 1 试验水槽装置

Figure 1. Experimental setup of water flume

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图 2 实验室内10 d平均温度及光合有效辐射度

Figure 2. 10-day average temperature and illumination in the laboratory

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图 3 水体流速对沉积物磷释放的影响

Figure 3. Effect of flow velocity on phosphorus release from sediment

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图 4 苦草组和黑藻组试验期间上覆水各形态磷浓度的变化

注：JD代表静水对照组；JS1代表静水苦草组)；JS2代表静水黑藻组；LD代表流水对照组；LS1代表流水苦草组；LS2代表流水黑藻组.

Figure 4. Changes in different phosphorus concentrations of V. natans and H. verticillata in overlying water during the experiment

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图 5 试验结束时上覆水各形态磷浓度

Figure 5. Different phosphorus concentrations in the overlying water at the end of experiment

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图 6 苦草组和黑藻组试验期间沉积物各形态磷浓度的变化

注：不同小写字母表示不同处理组间的差异(P<0.05). JD代表静水对照组；JS1代表静水苦草组；JS2代表静水黑藻组；LD代表流水对照组；LS1代表流水苦草组；LS2代表流水黑藻组.

Figure 6. Changes in different phosphorus concentrations of V. natans and H. verticillata in sediment during the experiment

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图 7 试验期间苦草组和黑藻组生物量(鲜质量)变化

注：JS1(静水苦草组)；JS2(静水黑藻组)；LS1(流水苦草组)；LS2(流水黑藻组).

Figure 7. Changes in fresh weight of V. natans and H. verticillata during the experiment

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图 8 试验期间苦草组和黑藻组上覆水DO浓度与pH的变化

Figure 8. Changes of pH and DO of V. natans and H. verticillata in overlying water during the experiment

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表 1 SMT分级提取方法

Table 1. Phosphorus sequential extraction by SMT

磷形态	提取方法
TP	称0.2 g沉积物于450 ℃下灰化3 h，加入20 mL 3.5 mol/L的HCl，振荡16 h，离心8 min，测上清液磷浓度
IP	称0.2 g沉积物加入20 mL 1 mol/L的HCl，振荡16 h，离心8 min，测定上清液磷浓度
OP	取IP测定过程中残渣含量，450 ℃下灰化1 h，加入20 mL 1 mol/L的HCl，振荡16 h，离心8 min，测定上清液磷浓度
NaOH-P	称取0.2 g沉积物样品，加入20 mL 1 mol/L的NaOH，振荡16 h，离心8 min，取10 mL上清液加入4 mL 3.5 mol/L的HCl，静置16 h后离心8 min，测定上清液磷浓度
HCl-P	取NaOH-P测定过程中残渣含量，加入20 mL 1 mol/L的HCl，振荡16 h，离心8 min，测定上清液磷浓度

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表 2 沉积物和上覆水初始理化指标

Table 2. Initial physicochemical characteristics of sediment and overlying water

样品	理化指标	单位	初始值¹⁾	处理值²⁾
沉积物	TP含量	mg/kg	745±7.32	725.36±9.45
沉积物	TN含量	mg/kg	3578±7.37	3527±15.23
上覆水	TP浓度	mg/L	0.03±0.01	0.04±0.00
	PP浓度	mg/L	0.01±0.01	0.01±0.00
	DTP浓度	mg/L	0.02±0.00	0.02±0.01
	SRP浓度	mg/L	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00
	DOP浓度	mg/L	0.01±0.00	0.01±0.00
	TN浓度	mg/L	2.50±0.23	2.60±0.41
	NH₄⁺-N浓度	mg/L	0.53±0.08	0.56±0.03
	NO₃⁻-N浓度	mg/L	0.27±0.12	0.25±0.25
	DO浓度	mg/L	4.42±0.34	4.22±0.15
	pH	—	7.34±0.52	7.56±0.41
注：n=3. 数据为平均值±标准偏差. 1)初始值为其背景值；2)处理值为干燥和曝晒处理后值.

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表 3 主体内效应检验

Table 3. Test of between-subjects effects

交互效应组	上覆水各形态磷浓度	沉积物各形态磷浓度
测量次数×试验组	P>0.05	P>0.05
流速×沉水植物组	P>0.05	P>0.05
注： P>0.05表示交互效应不显著.

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表 4 水体各形态磷浓度与环境因子及生物量之间皮尔森相关系数矩阵

Table 4. Pearson correlation coefficient matrix among phosphorus in overlaying water, environmental factors and biomass of submerged macrophytes

试验组	指标	TP浓度	DTP浓度	SRP浓度	PP浓度	DOP浓度	pH	DO浓度	生物量
静水苦草组	TP浓度	1
	DTP浓度	0.88^**	1
	SRP浓度	0.85^*	0.90^**	1
	PP浓度	0.57	0.21	0.45	1
	DOP浓度	0.64	0.82^*	0.49	−0.16	1
	pH	0.68	0.55	0.73	0.82^*	0.15	1
	DO浓度	0.85^*	0.90^**	0.94^**	0.52	0.56	0.85	1
	生物量	0.85^*	0.77^*	0.85^*	0.74	0.42	0.94^**	0.94^**	1
静水黑藻组	TP浓度	1
	DTP浓度	0.70	1
	SRP浓度	0.63	0.73	1
	PP浓度	0.53	−0.19	−0.13	1
	DOP浓度	0.48	0.82^*	0.21	−0.17	1
	pH	0.97^**	0.67	0.50	0.60	0.55	1
	DO浓度	0.93^**	0.59	0.36	0.67	0.54	0.99^**	1
	生物量	0.90^**	0.47	0.29	0.77	0.42	0.97^**	0.99^**	1
流水苦草组	TP浓度	1
	DTP浓度	0.70	1
	SRP浓度	0.66	0.19	1
	PP浓度	0.82^*	0.88^**	0.25	1
	DOP浓度	0.35	0.88^**	−0.30	0.73	1
	pH	0.85^*	0.96^**	0.41	0.90^**	0.74	1
	DO浓度	0.86^*	0.83^*	0.55	0.77^*	0.54	0.91^**	1
	生物量	0.88^**	0.93^**	0.36	0.93^**	0.73	0.97^**	0.93^**	1
流水黑藻组	TP浓度	1
	DTP浓度	0.74	1
	SRP浓度	0.53	0.80^*	1
	PP浓度	0.90^**	0.92^*	0.70	1
	DOP浓度	0.73	0.92^**	0.86^*	0.86^*	1
	pH	0.80^*	0.46	0.68	0.63	0.05	1
	DO浓度	0.83^*	0.57	0.76^*	0.70	0.23	0.98^**	1
	生长量	0.76^*	0.32	0.59	0.52	−0.09	0.92^**	0.98^**	1
注：磷浓度为对照组与试验组磷浓度之差；表示相关性在0.05水平上显著(双侧检验)；*表示相关性在0.01水平上显著(双侧检验).

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表 5 沉积物各形态磷之间皮尔森关系系数矩阵

Table 5. Pearson correlation coefficient matrix between different phosphorus forms in sediment

试验组	指标	TP含量	IP含量	OP含量	NaOH-P含量	HCl-P含量
静水苦草组	TP含量	1
	IP含量	0.998^*	1
	OP含量	0.986	0.991	1
	NaOH-P含量	0.999^*	1.000^**	0.992	1
	HCl-P含量	−0.971	−0.963	−0.918	−0.961	1
静水黑藻组	TP含量	1
	IP含量	0.999^*	1
	OP含量	0.987	0.979	1
	NaOH-P含量	1.000^*	0.998^**	0.981	1
	HCl-P含量	−0.885	−0.863	−0.949	−0.870	1
流水苦草组	TP含量	1
	IP含量	0.998^*	1
	OP含量	0.966	0.949	1
	NaOH-P含量	0.999^*	0.995	0.976	1
	HCl-P含量	−0.999^*	−0.994	−0.977	−1.000^**	1
流水黑藻组	TP含量	1
	IP含量	1.000^**	1
	OP含量	0.951	0.951	1
	NaOH-P含量	1.000^**	1.000^*	0.956	1
	HCl-P含量	−0.999^*	−0.999^*	−0.939	−0.999^*	1
注：表示相关性在0.05水平上显著(双侧检验)；*表示相关性在0.01水平上显著(双侧检验).

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