Abstract:
Green Gross Domestic Product (GGDP) accounting is an important tool to reflect the interaction between environment and economic systems, and can be used to balance local environmental protection and economic development. Based on the principle of sustainable development, we calculated the Green Gross Ocean Product (GGOP) of the Bohai Rim in 2013, as the sum of GGOPs in four provinces, including Tianjin City and Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces. The results showed that: the GGOP of Bohai Rim was about 1.84×10
12 RMB, accounting for 93.44% of the total GOP (about 1.97×10
12 RMB). However, the ocean resource depletion, ecological degradation and environmental pollution led to 2.54%, 0.16% and 1.70% of GOP loss respectively, while the environmental protection also resulted in about 2.15% of GOP output. Fishing did not result in any resource depletion in 2013, but offshore oil and gas exploitation caused some resource depletion, costing about 5.02×10
10 RMB. Land reclamation resulted in about 3.11×10
9 RMB of the GOP loss. The virtual cost of pollutants from ocean industries or rivers was about 3.36×10
9 RMB. The government expended about 4.42×10
9 RMB for protecting the local environment, in which the research investment for environmental protection and resource exploitation was about 3.81×10
10 RMB. At the provincial level, the difference between GOP and GGOP accounted for 5.30% of the total GOP, 44.77% of which was from environmental pollution. The difference in Hebei Province was about 5.30% of its GOP, similar to Liaoning Province. The loss of GOP along the Bohai Sea Rim showed the largest proportion in Tianjin City, about 13.09% of GOP, with ocean resource depletion resulting in about 69.74% of these losses. For Shandong Province, the difference was only 4.34% of its GOP, half of which was used for environmental protection.