Abstract: Based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), the temporal and spatial evolution of soil erosion and possible relationship with rainfall and NDVI were investigated for the Wuding River Basin in northern Shaanxi province. The results showed that: (1) The average annual soil erosion in the Wuding River Basin modulated around 457.90 t/(km²·a), and showed an increase in volatility. The main soil erosion type was slight erosion, accounting for 88.35%, while the area of other soil erosion type decreased as the soil erosion level increased. In addition to the decrease in area and proportion of slight erosion, the other soil erosion type increased, and the change rate also decreased from 0.51% each year for the slight soil erosion type to 0.01% each year for severe erosion. (2) In order to clearly show the status of soil erosion in different regions, three small areas in the southeast, southwest, and northwest of the Wuding River Basin were selected. Soil erosion modulation was the highest in the southeast area, followed by the southwest area, and the northern area in the Wuding River Basin was the lowest. The distribution of soil erosion modulation was related to landforms and decreased rainfall from the southeast to the northwest, which reflected the increased process of soil erosion in the Wuding River Basin from 2000 to 2014. (3) The correlations between soil erosion modulation and rainfall, erosive rainfall, and rainfall erosivity were significantly positive, with respective correlation coefficients 0.90, 0.95 and 0.98, but the correlation between soil erosion and NDVI was not significant. Thus, changes of rainfall, especially the increase of erosive rainfall (≥12 mm/d), were the main reason for the enhanced soil erosion of the Wuding River Basin.