Abstract: To analyze the air pollution caused by straw burning, CMAQ/NAQPMS/WRF-CHEM models are often used for air quality simulations and the emission inventory is the key input of the simulation models. To meet the input requirements of the air quality models, we conducted this study by taking a heavy pollution incident caused by a rape straw open burning happened in Sichuan Basin on May 7^th 2014 as a case. The emission factor method was adopted to estimate the annual emission. The burning point data retrieved from Satellite and the land use data were used to analyze the spatial features. The Bluesky CONSUME model was used to estimate the plume uplift of pollutants. Finally, the aerosol extinction coefficient gained by laser radar was used to analyze the temporal features. Taking 2013 as our base year, the results showed that the total emissions of CO, NO_x, SO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds) in the region were 5791.022, 193.842, 43.268, 574.602, 1495.350 and 1495.350 t. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants in Chengdu City, Deyang City, Mianyang City, Meishan City and Ziyang City accounted for 13.90%, 22.39%, 31.81%, 12.11% and 19.79% of the total emissions respectively. The emissions of different kinds of pollutants show a trend of three large-value centers with two null zones on the ground. The burning points extracted by two satellite data (HJ-1B and MODIS) showed that there were various degrees of straw burning in 5 cities in the basin on May 7^th. After spatial allocation, the key emission areas were in the southern part of Deyang City and Mianyang City, and the maximum emissions were in the central part of Deyang City. As for Chengdu City, the straw burning points were the least and so were the emissions. Effected by the height of the atmospheric boundary layer on that day, the vertical distribution of pollutants was mainly concentrated below 35 m, and the maximum layer of pollutant was formed around 30 m. Due to the control of straw burning, the emissions gradually increased from 16:00 to 04:00 of next day and decreased from 09:00 to 16:00. The study shows that the estimates are consistent with the straw burning list of previous studies, and the plume uplift results of the emission inventory are consistent with the vertical distribution of the aerosol extinction coefficient.