Abstract: Macroinvertebrates are important biological groups of river ecosystems, and their composition and distribution are significantly affected by river hydrodynamic conditions. Studies on seven large rivers in different climatic zones have found that macroinvertebrates exhibit distinct distribution characteristics in the longitudinal direction of rivers:(1) Above the tree line, the coarse-grained organic matter is limited, and the collectors are dominant. Chironomidae is mainly adapted to live in the river section with fast flow rate, and the slow flow rate section is dominated by Oligochaetes. (2) In the upper reaches that below tree line, a lot of litter falls into river, aquatic insects that possess strong erosion resistibility, such as Ephemerida, dominate in fast flow rate section and Oligochaetes and Chironomidae dominate in slow flow rate section. (3) In the middle and lower reaches of the river and the estuary area where the river gradient is smaller, the water depth is deeper, the flow velocity is slow, the substrate is fine, and it is also affected by human activity are dominated by Oligochaetes, Chironomidae and mollusks. In the middle and lower reaches, Oligochaetes and mollusks mainly inhabit in the silt substrate, and Chironomidae are more common in sandy substrate rivers. The effects of sediment, sediment concentration and flow rate on hydrodynamic conditions are most significant for macroinvertebrates:(1) Species number decreases with substrate particle size and stability decrease, and gets to the maximum in cobble. (2) With the increase in sediment concentration, species number and density decrease significantly. (3) Dominant taxa and species number change with dynamic condition changes in the flood season and after flood season, the dominant species recovers and the density of macroinvertebrates reaches the maximum in a year. This study reckons that the climate influences the density of macroinvertebrate through impacting the food web instead of species. It is suggested that more research on the impact of climate on the density and food web should be conducted.