Abstract: In order to understand the acute effects of different sizes of particulate matters on the serum amyloid P component (SAP) of elderly population and to assess the health risks of atmospheric particulate matters exposure, the Dianliu Community in Jinan City, Shandong Province was chosen as the research site. By using a panel study design, five repeated measurements were performed on 76 healthy elderly people in this community. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposure data were collected from the environmental monitoring stations near the community (< 2 km). The impact of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ exposures on SAP were analyzed with the control of age, gender and other covariates via using a linear mixed-effects model. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between short-term exposure to atmospheric particulate matter and the increase of SAP. Specifically, with accumulative lag of 0-6 hours, the level of SAP increased by 18.73% (95%CI: 9.20%-29.08%) (FDR_H-P < 0.05) for every increase of 1 interquartile range (IQR) in PM_2.5. With accumulative lag of 0-6 hours, the level of SAP also increased but not significant for every increase of 1 IQR in PM₁₀ (FDR_H-P>0.05). This study reveals that exposure to atmospheric particles matters may increase the biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease SAP, indicating that atmospheric particles pose a potential threat to the human nervous system. The effect of PM_2.5 on SAP is higher than that of PM₁₀, suggesting that smaller particles may have higher health hazards, so research on the adverse health effects of PM_2.5 should be strengthened.