Abstract: With the expansion of planting areas of transgenic crops, the potential environmental risk of transgenic crops has become the focus of attention. In order to further clarify the possible ecological and environmental safety problems caused by transgenic crops, the transgenic insect-resistant maize HGK60 with Cry1Ah gene (HGK60 for short) and the control maize Zheng 58 (Zheng 58 for short) were selected and planted in Ledong Li Autonomous County, Hainan Province in November 2018. High-throughput sequencing and field investigation were used to focus on the impacts of environmental release on biodiversity. The results showed that: (1) The effect of HGK60 planting on rhizosphere soil microorganism was only found in certain growth stages. The analysis of alpha diversity and beta diversity showed that there was a significant difference between HGK60 and Zheng 58 at heading stage and maturity stage (P < 0.05), but the difference did not persist in the whole growth stage of maize and the difference was no longer significant after harvest (P>0.05). Growth period is one of the factors affecting rhizosphere soil microorganism. (2) There was a total of 19, 835 arthropods, belonging to 60 species, 19 families and 7 orders in maize field. There were significant differences in the number of Pyralidae between HGK60 and Zheng 58 in seedling stage, bell stage and heading stage (P < 0.05). The differences in other species were only shown in certain growth stages, but not in the whole growth period. On the whole, ecological indexes of arthropods in HGK60 were not significantly different from that of Zheng 58 (P>0.05). (3) 16 species of weeds in the fields belonged to 8 families, most of which were annual weeds. HGK60 planting had no significant effect on density and ecological indexes of weeds (P>0.05). The results showed that the planting of HGK60 had significant effect on the rhizosphere soil microorganisms in certain growth stages, but the effect was not significant after harvest. The planting of HGK60 had no significant effect on the diversity of arthropods and weeds in the fields.