北京市居民膳食大米无机砷的暴露评估

Exposure Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic in Dietary Rice of Beijing Residents

  • 摘要: 砷(As)被世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构列入Ⅰ类致癌物质.大米由于其组织特异性,更易于富集As,了解人群大米消费习惯,对评估大米As对人体健康危害具有重要意义.该研究对北京市人群大米暴露行为模式进行调查,并在北京市采集粳米、籼米、糯米和糙米4个种类的大米样品共160份.根据北京市人群的实际大米摄入量及不同种类大米的无机砷(iAs)含量,对人群不同种类大米As暴露浓度水平进行加权后开展大米iAs的精细化暴露评估.结果表明:①北京市居民消费的大米中iAs平均含量为0.060 mg/kg,低于GB 2762-2017《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》中规定的大米As污染限值(0.2 mg/kg),其中,粳米As含量(0.063 mg/kg)最高,籼米As含量(0.053 mg/kg)最低.②北京市居民每日大米摄入量为91.19 g,82.8%的居民以食用粳米为主.③北京市居民基于实际消费大米种类和大米摄入量评估的大米As暴露量为0.12 μg/(kg·d),是未经加权评估的大米As暴露量的1.23~1.32倍,约占As允许摄入量0.3 μg/(kg·d)的40%.研究显示,北京市居民大米As暴露的健康风险处于可接受水平,精细化的暴露评估方法可减少暴露评估的不确定性.

     

    Abstract: Arsenic (As) is listed as the first class carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. Due to the specific tissue of rice, high content of arsenic can be accumulated in rice. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the rice consumption behavior of people and assess the harmful effects of As in rice on the human health. So far, the researches on health risk assessment of inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure via rice ingestion is still in the developing stage. The exposure assessment methods for iAs in rice still lack detailed exposure factors. Thus, this study was conducted to obtain the information on the rice exposure behavior patterns of the Beijing population and to collect rice samples for exposure assessment. After collecting rice consumption behavior patterns through questionnaire surveys, 160 representative rice samples including japonica, indica, glutinous and brown rice species were collected in Beijing. Then, the As content in different types of rice was weighted to carry out a refined daily average exposure dose assessment of iAs according to the actual rice intake of people in Beijing and the iAs content of different types of rice. The results showed that the average iAs level in rice consumed by Beijing residents was 0.060 mg/kg, which was lower than the limit of As in rice (0.2 mg/kg) regulated in the National Food Safety Standard Limit of Pollutants in Food (GB 2762-2017). Among these types of rice, the As content in japonica rice was the highest (0.063 mg/kg), and the As content in indica rice was the lowest (0.053 mg/kg). Furthermore, the daily rice intake of Beijing residents was 91.19 g, of which 82.8% was japonica rice. Additionally, the weighted and the refined exposure dose of iAs through rice ingestion was 0.12 μg/(kg·d), which was 1.23-1.32 times the unweighted exposure assessment. The refined exposure dose was about 40% of the allowable daily intake of As (0.3 μg/(kg·d)). The results show that As pollution in rice in Beijing is not very severe, indicating that Beijing residents' exposure to arsenic through rice will not cause serious harmful effects. The exposure assessment method of As in rice in this study shows that the refined exposure assessment method can reduce the uncertainty in the assessment.

     

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