Abstract: Eco-environmental science and technology have provided important technical support to the economic development and eco-conservation in China. Under the guidance of Xi Jinping's thought of eco-civilization of the new era, the review of eco-environmental science and technology development process in China and the prospects of development orientation is of great theoretical and practical guiding significance for leading the green and sustainable development of the industry with the advancement of eco-environmental science and technology. The paper first reviews the three major stages of eco-environmental science and technology development in China: Pioneering period (1972-1990), preliminary establishing science and technology system for the total environmental load capacity; Development period (1991-2011), innovating the theory and technology for pollution prevention in river basin regions; and New era (2012-up till now), establishing the support system of science and technology for precise pollution treatment and systematic governance. Secondly, the paper systematically summarizes the significant achievements of the eco-environmental science and technology of China made in seven fields as well as the support for the battle against the pollution prevention: water pollution prevention of the key river basin, atmospheric pollution prevention, soil contamination investigation and risk control and remediation, solid waste disposal and recycling, eco-conservation and supervision, environmental standard benchmark construction and the innovation capacity of environmental industry. In the end, the paper analyzes the challenges and needs for the development of eco-environmental science and technology in China, and proposes pollution prevention concept and development strategy for the 2.0 Era of eco-environmental science and technology in China. (1) Adhere to four 'orientations': the first is to face the frontier of the world's science and technology and lay a solid foundation for eco-environmental science and research; the second is to face the major battlefield of economy, and facilitate the commercialization of eco-environmental science and research; the third is to face the major needs of the country and carry out research in the field of eco-environment with integrated intelligence; and the fourth is to face the health of the people and firmly stick to 'the nature of environmental science and technology for the people'. (2) Coordinate three systems: the first is to solve the eco-environmental problems from the root cause, address both the symptoms and the root causes, and defense the eco-security border of the nature system; the second is to enhance the drive of innovation in science and technology, promote the green recycling of production system and form green new driving forces for economic growth; and the third is to conduct research and innovation of green products and green consumption and facilitate transition to green living. (3) Realize 'Five innovations': realize multi source innovation in green development mode, environmental treatment concept, environmental science and research methods, multi technology integration, and institutional mechanism, and create a 2. 0 Era of the eco-environmental technology with all-round development in the new era.