Abstract: Groundwater contamination at industrial sites in China is serious. Based on existing published lists, more than 31% of contaminated sites contain groundwater contamination. In recent years, the Chinese government and pertaining industrial sectors have paid more and more attention to groundwater remediation. Regulations and standards are being issued, with the latest ‘Groundwater Management Regulation’ issued by the central government to play a critical role. On the other hand, research on groundwater remediation in China is still not sufficient. In the present study, we propose ten grand challenges for groundwater remediation at contaminated sites in China: green and sustainable remediation of contaminated groundwater, high resolution site characterization and accurate risk assessment, combined remediation of soil and groundwater, back diffusion from low-permeability formation, toxic by-products from in-situ chemical oxidation and bioremediation, tailing during physical separation, rebound during remediation, management of large and complex sites, contaminant migration and risk management at fractured rock sites, and emerging contaminants in groundwater. In the course of addressing these grand challenges, there are also numerous opportunities for development in the research field and the industrial sector.