Abstract:
One of the main goals of vegetation restoration in mining areas is to increase the ecosystem services and the value of ecosystem products. Shendong mining area is the largest coal production base in China. Located in the northwest desert region, its primary ecological environment was extremely fragile. To evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of vegetation restoration in Shendong mining area in recent 30 years, we used remote sensing images, field surveys and economic statistical data to establish an ecosystem product value accounting model. This model utilized the value equivalent factor methods and incorporated the ecosystem quality adjustment coefficients to assess the spatial-temporal patterns of the ecosystem product values in the Shendong mining area. Using the established model, the benefits of vegetation restoration in the mining area were quantitatively revealed from the perspective of ecosystem product value. The results showed that: (1) Over the past 30 years, the total ecosystem product value increased by 657 million RMB, and the value per unit area increased by 0.84 million RMB/km
2. Approximate 65.35% of the areas showed increased value and mainly located in the eastern parts of the mining area and the majority of the western area. In contrast, 33.32% of the areas showed decrease in value, and these areas mainly located along the banks of the Wulan Mulun River and in the marginal areas of the west. (2) The ecosystem product value among different service functions ranked from high to low was as follows: regulatory services (335 million RMB), supply services (184 million RMB), support services (114 million RMB) and cultural services (23 million RMB). The service function with the highest value increment rate was the regulation service, with a total change rate of 273.78%. (3) The ecosystem product value per unit area among different vegetation restoration patterns ranked from high to low was as follows: economic forest pattern (2.91 million RMB/km
2), industry-ecology pattern (1.82 million RMB/km
2), ecological forest pattern (1.72 million RMB/km
2) and sand control pattern (1.67 million RMB/km
2). All four vegetation restoration patterns showed increasing trend in ecosystem product value. Among all these patterns, the economic forest pattern combined both ecological function and economic benefits, which effectively enhanced the ecosystem product value in the mining areas. The industry-ecology and ecological forest patterns can provide relatively high regulation and support services but low supply services. The sand control pattern always exhibited high regulatory and support services but lack of supply and cultural services. However, we found a relatively higher increment in ecosystem product per unit area due to its lower baseline value. Our study showed that the ecosystem product value per unit area under all four different patterns showed an increasing trend in Shendong mining area in the past 30 years, and the ecological and economic benefits were prominent approved. Evaluating the vegetation restoration effect in mining area from the perspective of ecosystem product value can not only provide references for developing scientific vegetation restoration plans, but also provide basic data and technology support for realizing the ecosystem product value in mining area.