Abstract: Black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) are widely used in the fields of optoelectronics, chemistry, biosensing and agriculture because of their unique dimensional thickness and two-dimensional structure. The phosphorus nanosheets are widely used in the agriculture field due to their large specific surface area and high specific surface energy. However, the black phosphorus nanoparticles suspended in the liquid easily agglomerate and sink. Therefore, good dispersion stability of nanosuspensions is the key requirement for their research and application. Based on this, deionized water was used as dispersing medium, and four surfactants were selected as dispersing agents, including a cationic surfactant (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)), a nonionic surfactant (silwetL-77), two anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and rhamnolipid (RL)) in this study. Four surfactants-BPNSs solution systems were synthesized, and the effects of these systems on the dispersion stability of BPNSs at different concentrations were investigated by measuring dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that: (1) All the four surfactants could improve the dispersion stability of BPNSs suspension within the range of the critical micelle concentration (CMC), but the cationic and non-ionic surfactants had the adhesion effect on BPNSs when the critical micelle concentration was higher than that, which was not found in anionic surfactants. (2) After 3 h and 72 h precipitation, the anionic surfactants-BPNSs system has higher absorption strength, and SDBS has better retention. (3) In the presence of NaCl electrolyte, two anionic surfactants can affect the critical coalescence concentration (CCC) of BPNSs, thereby causing the depolymerization of BPNSs. The results show that the dispersion effect of the two anionic surfactants on BPNSs is better than that of cationic and non-ionic surfactants, which provides a reference for building a stable anionic surfactants-BPNSs dispersion system in real life.