Abstract: This study addresses the issues of site contamination and environmental and human health impacts caused by leachate leakage from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The study systematically considers both natural and social factors by using the ‘source-pathway-receptor’ analysis method. A risk assessment index system was established with established criteria for each indicator, including potential hazard, site environmental vulnerability, and sensitive target. Survey questionnaires were conducted among authoritative experts, and the weight of each indicator was determined through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The risk index was calculated using the weighted sum method with three levels of pollution risks: high, medium, and low. Six typical MSW landfill sites in China, including both simple and sanitary types, were selected for validation. The results show that: (1) The risk levels of the three simple (Sites 1-3) and three sanitary (Sites 1-3) landfill sites were high (7.14), high (7.79), medium (5.35), medium (5.56), medium (5.86), and medium (6.29). (2) The risk assessment system was validated to be reasonable compared to the real-world scenarios and feasible for the existing methods. Furthermore, it outperformed existing systems in terms of representativeness of its indicators and the effectiveness of its evaluation outcomes. (3) This method effectively utilizes field survey data, including surface water, groundwater, leachate monitoring, and hydrogeological exploration, thereby improving the accuracy of the assessment. Overall, this risk assessment system is effectively applicable to MSW landfill sites with high food waste content in China. This system effectively pinpoints key aspects of contamination risks from leachate leakage of MSW landfill sites. It can provide guidance for site grading management and offer strong support for the remediation, monitoring, and management of leachate leakage site contamination.